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HISTORY

O F

Q^U A D R U P E D S.

Six cutting teeth, and two canine, in each jaw.

Five toes before; five behind.

In walking refts on the hind feet, as far as the heel.

XX. BEAR.

Urfus. PliniiUb. vlii. r. 36.

A^KT^. Oppian Cytieg.ni. 139.

Urfus. Ge/ner quad. 94I. Agricofa, Att,

Suiter. 4S6. Rait fyn. quad. 17 1.
Niedzvviedz. Rzaczinjki Polon. 225.
Bar. Klein quad. 82. Schiumcifelt The-

riotnph. 131. Ridinger Wild. Thiere.

31. Ara.Zool. i. No. 2?.

Uifus niger, cauda concolore. BriJJha

quad. 187.
Urlus, Cauda abrupta. Lin.fyfi. 69.
Eicrn. Faun.fuee. No. 19.
L'Ours. De Euffon, viii. 248. tab. xxxi.

xxxii. Schreber, cxxxix. cxl. LhEV.

Mus.

208. Srowh.

Bwlth a long head: fmall eyes: fliort ears, rounded at the
• top: ftrong, thick, and chimfy limbs: very fhort tail:
large feet: body covered with very long and ftaggy hair, various
in its color: the largeft of a rufty brown : fome from the confines of
Rvjfia, black, mixed with white hairs, called by the Germans, filver
bar ; and fome (but rarely) are found in Tartary of a pure white.
Vol. II. B Inhabits

2 BEAR.

Pt ACE AND Inhabits the north parts of Europe and Jfia, the Alps of Szvitzer-

Mannsrs. ^^^^^^ ^j^j Dauphine; Arabia'^'-, Japan-\-, and CsylonX; and the

northern parts oi North America; and extends to the /^^Wfi oi Perw.
Doctor Shaw informs us, it is alfo found in Barbary. They
muft have been very plentiful, for Piiny fays that Dcmitius
jEfiobarbits produced at one of the (hews a hundred Numidian Dears,
and as many ^//?w/)/a?2 hunters §. The brown bears are fornt-times
carnivorous, and willdeftroy cattle, and eat carrion; but their general
food is roots, fruits, and vegetables : will roh the iic'ds of peafe;
and when they are ripe, pluck great quantitie<- n;-, ; b. ru rlie peafe
out of the hufks on fome hard place, ear them. ?;:d crrrv off the
ftraw: they will alfo, during winter, l.>rt<;k i.,io (he farmer's
yard, and make great havock among his ilick ot o..;s: are par-
ticularly fond of honey.

They liveon berries, fruits, and pulfe, of all kinds; and feed much
on the black mulberry: are remarkably fond of [potatoes, which
they very readily -dig up with their great |av\:,: make great havock
in the fields of maiz; and are great lovers of irilk and honey.
They feed much on herrings, which they catch in the feafjn when
thofe fifh come in fhoals up the creeks; which gives their flefh a
difagreeable tafte; and the fmie effedl is oblcrved when they eat
the bitter berries of the Tupelo.

Bears ftrike with their tore foot like a cat-, feldom or never
ufe their mouths in fighting; but feizing the affailant widi their
paws, and prefling him againft their brcaft, almoft inftantly
fqueeze him to death.

The females, after conception, retire into the mod fecret

• Formal, IV, f Kamffer, Hift. Japan, i. 126. J Knox,Hift. Cey'on. 20.

§ Lib. viii. c 36.
8 places j

BEAR.

places; leafl:, when they bring forth, the males (liould devour the
young: it is affirmed for fact, that out of the feveral hundred
bears that are killed in Jmerka, during wmter, (which is their
breeding feafon) that fcarcely a female is found among * them; fo
impenetrable is their retreat during their pregnancy: they bring
two, rarely three, young at a time : the cubs are deformed, but
not a fliapelefs mafs, to be licked into Qupe, as the antients pre-
tended f. The cubs even of the brown bears are of a jetty
blacknefs, and often have round their necks a circle of white.
The flefh of a bear in autumn, when they are molt exceflively
fat, by feeding on acorns, and other maft, is moft delicate food;
and that of the cubs ftill finer ; but the paws of the old bears are
reckoned the moft exquifite morfel; the fat white, and very
fweet : the oil excellent for ftrains, and old pains.

The latter end of autumn, after they have fattened themfelves
to the greateft degree, the bears withdraw to their dens, where
they continue for a great number of days in total inacftivity, and
abftinence from food, having no other nourifliment than what
they get by fucking their feet, where the fat lodges in great abun-
dance. In Lapland they pafs the long night in dens lined warmly
with a vaft bed of mofs, in which they roll themfelves, fecure
from the cold of the fevere feafon X' Their retreats are either in
cliffs of rocks ; in the deepeft recefles of the thickeft woods; or
in the hollows of antient trees, which they afcend and defcend
with furprizing agility : as they lay in no winter provifions, they

• Out of 500 bears that were killed in one winter, in two counties of Firgima,
only two females were found, and thofe not pregnant. Laiujon, 1 17.

t Hi funt eandiJa informifque caro, faulo munbus major, fi.ie oaiUs, fiie pilo;
unguis tantum prominent : hanc lambendo paulatbn figurant, Plinii lib. viii, c. 36.

X Fl. Lap. 313. The mofs is a variety of the Folytrkhum Commune,

B 2 are

'' B. E A R.

are in a certain fpace of time forced from their retreats by hut^=
ger, and come out extremely lean : multitudes are killed annu-
ally in America, for the fake of their flefh, or fkins, which laft.
makes a confiderable article of commerce.

209. Blacs. ■'^i-^- ^ool. 2d. Ed. ii. N° ig.

wlih a long pointed nofe, and narrow forehead : the cheeks.
1 and throat of a yellovvifli brown color : hair over the whole,
body and limbs of a gloffy black, tnioother and fliorter than that
of the European kind.

They are ufually fmaller than thofe of the old world : yet Mr,.
Bartram gives an inftance of an old he-bear killed in Florida, which
was feven feet long, and, as he gueffed, weighed four hundred-
pounds.

Thefe animals are found in all parts of North America, from.
Hudfon's Bay to the fouthern extremity ; but in Louifhina and the
fouthern parts they appear only in the winter, migrating from,
the north in fearch of food. They fpread acrofs the northern
part of the American continent to the Aftatic ifles. They are-
found in the Kuril/id iflands, which intervene between Kamt'
fchatka and Japan, Jcfo, Mafima, which lies noxxh. oi Japan, and.
probably Japan itfclf ; for K^mpfer fays, that a few fmall bears are
found in the northern provinces.

It is very certain that this fpecies of bear feeds on vegetables.
Du Pratz, who is a faithful as well as intelligent writer, relates,
that in one fevere winter, when thcfe animals were forced in mul-
titudes from the woods, where there was abundance of animal food,
they rejeded that, notwithftanding they were ready to pcrilh with
hunger, and migrating into the lower Lowjiana, would often break
3 into

!.\l

lo/. //./'

O/' / '//> I f>

BEAR,

into the courts of houfes. They never touched the butchers meat
which lay in their way, but fed voracioufly on the corn or roots they
met with.

White bear. Martinis ^piijl-erg. lOo. ^//. x.xvi. .^r^. Zoo/, i. No. iS. 2 o P

EgeieGreer.l.^q Ellis 'voy./^i. Cranlz Urius albus. Marte.fii. Klc n quad. 82. ' ' °^*'^'

Qreenl. i. 73. Barentz -voy. i 8. 45. La L'Ours blanc. hrijjcn quad. ib8. De Buf.

Hontan voy. i. 23 J. Caujly Carolina, /««. xv. i2 8.irirt'^^j cxli. Li v. Mus.

with long head and neck : (hort round ears : end of the
I nofe black : vaft teeth ; hair long, foft, white, tino-ed in
fome parts with yellow: limbs of great fize and ftrength : grows
to a vafl fize: the fkins of fome are thirteen feet long.

This animal is confined to the coldeft part of the globe : it Place.

has been found as far as navigators have penetrated northwards,
above iat. 80. The frigid cliiiiates only feem adapted to its na-
ture. It is unknown, except on the fhores oi Hudfon's Bay, Greeit-
land, and Spitzbergen. The north of Norzvay, and the country of
Me/en,, in the north of Rujfta, are deftitute of them: but they
are met with again in great abundance in Nova Zemhla, and from
the river Ob, along the Siberian coaft, to the mouths of the Je-
nefei, and Lena, but are never feen far inland, unlefs they lofe
their way in mills ; none are found in Kamtjlhatka, or its iflands.

They have been feen as far ibuth as Newfoundland; but they
are not natives of that country, being only brought there acciden-
tally on the iflands of ice.

During; fummer the white bears are either refident on i/lands 7,t

° . . ' MANNERIi

of ice, or pafling frona one to another: they f«ii,n ad-mirably, and

can

BEAR,

can continue that exercife* fix or feven leagues; and dive with
great agility. They bring two young at a time : the affedtion
between the parents and them is fo flrong, that they would die ra-
ther than'defert one another. Their winter retreats are under
the fnowf , in which they form deep dens, fupported by pillars
of the fame, or elfe under fome great eminence beneath the fixed
ice of the frozen fea.

They feed on fifli, feals, and the carcafes of whales; and on
human bodies, which they will greedily difinter: they feem very
fond of human blood; and are io fearlefs as to attack companies
of armed men, and even to board fmall veflels. When on land,
they live on birds, and their eggs; and, allured by the fcent of
the feals flelh, often break into and plunder the houfes of the
Greenlanders: their greateft enemy in the brure creation is the
Morfe\, with whom they have terrible conflicls, but are ge-
rally worfted ; the vaft teeth of the former giving it a fupe-
riority.

The flelh Is white, and faid to tafte like mutton: the fat is
melted for train oil, and that of the feet ufed in medicine ; but
the liver is very unwholefome, as three of Barentz\ lailors expe-
rienced, who fell dangeroufly ill on eating fome of it boiled.

One of this fpecies was brought over to England, a few years
ago: it was very furious, almoft always in motion, roared loud,
and feemed very uneafy, except when cooled by having pail-fulls
of water poured on it.

CallLxenus Rhodius^, in his defcripti'-'n of the pompous pro-

• La Hontan,\. f Egede, ko. X Ege^/e, Greeal. 60. Sj,

§ As quoted by Athcnaus, lib. v. /. soi.

cefllon

BEAR. y

ceffion of Ptolemaus Vhihddphus at Alexandria, fpeaks of one

great white Bea)\ A^xtcj Aeuxd ^lyuXn [aix, among other wild beads

that graced the fhcw: nowitliftanding the local fuuation of this

fpecles at piefent, it is poTible that Ptolemy might procure one;

whether men could penetrate, in thofe early times, as far as the

prefent refidence of thefe Jrdic animals, I will not venture to

affirm, nor to deny; but fince my friend, the Hon. Dailies Bar-

rinpon*, has clearly proved the intenfe cold that in former ages

raged in countries now more than temperate, it is irroft probable

that in thofe times they were flocked with animals natuial to a

rigorous climaEe; which, fince the alteration, have neceflarily

become extindt in thofe parts: the Polar bear might have been

one; but that it was the fpecies meant by CaUixemis is clear to

me, by the epithet ju.fj'fliXn, ot great, which is very applicable to

it; for the white Tartarian land bear (which Ptolemy might very

eafily procure) differs not in fize from the black or brown kind,

but the bulk of the other is quite charaderiftic.

Land bears, fometimes fpotted with white; at other times ^ ^'^°

' . Land bears,

•wholly white; are fometimes obferved on the parrs of Rujfia

bordering on Siberia, in a wandering llate, fuppofed to have flrayed
out of the lofty fnowy mountains, which divide the two coun-
tries "t".

* Phil. Tranf. vol. Iviii. f. 58. f Doftor Pallas.

Qukkhatcli,

B E A r;

MI WoLVER-NE Quickhatch Caujly Carolina, App.xv.'x. plagaque laterall corporis. Un.fyp.

Carcajou, or Quickhatch. Dvbbs Hud- 71. A^a. Zool. i. N° 21.

/c?i'j By, 40. Urfus. Trcti Hudj'onh. U. caftanei co-

Qiiickhalch, or Wolverene. Ellis Hud- loris, cauda unicolore, loftro pedi-

fons Hay, 42. Clerk's voy. ii. 3. bufque fufcis. BriJ/on quad. 188,

£,/-.(.-. 103. Schrcka-, cxliv.

Urfjs lufcus. U. Cauda elongata, cor- Le Glouton. De Buffon, Supplem. iii.

pore ferrugineo, rollro fufco, fronte 244. Lev. Mus.

with a black (liarp-poinred vifage: fliort rounded ears, al-
• moft hid in the hair; hairs on the head, baclc, and belly,
reddifh, with black tips, fo that thofe parts appear, on iirft
fight, quite black; .fides of a yellowifh brown, which pafles in
form of a band quite over the hind part of the back, above tlie
tail: on the throat a white fpot: on the breaft a white mark, in
form of a crefcent : legs very ftrong, thick and ihort, of a deep
black: five toes on each foot*, not deeply divided j on the fore
foot of that I examined were fome white fpots: the bottom of
the feet covered very thickly with hair: refts, like the bear, on its
foot, as far as the firft joint of the leg; and walks with its back
greatly arched : claws ftrong and Qiarp, white at their ends: tail
cloathed with long coarfe hairs; thofe at the bafe reddifli, at the
end black: fome of the hairs are fix inches long: length from nofe

• Mr. Edv:a-di obferved only four toes on the fore feet of the animal he de-
fcribes. My defcription is taken from an entire ikin, in x&ry fine prefervation,
communicated to me by the late Mr JJhton Blackburne, of Oxford, Lancajhirt,
who, with indefatigable indiiftry and great judgment, enriched the cabinets of
kis friends with the rareft natural produdions of that continent : as this work
has profited fo greatly by that gentleman's labors, it would be ungrateful to
jsniit my acknowkgements,

LXII.

BEAR.

to tail twenty-eight inches : length of the trunk of the tail
feven inches, but the hairs reach fix beyond its end: the tail in
Mr. Eihvivds's figure not quite accurate: it is coiTedled in that
which is borrowed from his admirable work. The whole body
is covered with very long and thick hair, which varies in color,
according to the feafon.

Inhabits HuJfoni-Bay, and Canada, as far as the ftraights of
M'ichilimakinac.

A moft voracious animal : flow of foot, fo is obliged to take
its prey by furprize : in America is called the Beaver-Eater, for
it watches thofe animals as they come out of their houfes, and
fometimes breaks into their habitations, and devours them.

In a wild ftate is vaftly fierce,- a terror to both wolf and bear,
which will not prey on it when they find it dead*, perhaps on
account of its being fo very foetid, fmelling like a pole-cat:
makes a ftrong refinance when attacked; will tear the flock from
the gun, and pull the traps it is caught in to pieces: burrows f,
and has its den under ground. Mr Graham, long refident in
HndfoniBay, has afTured me, that it will lurk on a tree, and drop
on the deer wJiich pafs beneath, and faften on them till the animals
are quite exhaufted.

Charlevoix, in Hijl. Nonv. France, v. 1S9, gives the name of
this animal (Carcajou) to our 189th fpecies, the Puma, or Brown
Panther of N. America.

* Clerk California, il. 3. \ La Hovtan's woy. i. 62.

Vol. II. C In

BEAR.

In conformity to the opinion of that refpeftable naturalift
Doftor Pallas, 1 unite the fVoolverene and Glutton. I do not alter
my defcripiion of the latter ; but add both t'lat and the fynonymsj
fubmitting to future times the propriety or impropriety of uniting
thefe animals: there being diftinctions that even now leave me
very undetermined.

212. Glutton. Gulo. Olaii Magni gent . Septentr. 138.
Gulo, vielfrafs. Ge/ner quad. 554. Klein

quad. 8 J. tab. v.
Rofomak. Rzaczhjki Psion. 2l8. Bell's

Ira-vels, i. 235.
Muller's Rufs Samlung, iii. 549, 550.

RitchkoffTofogr. Orenb. \. 295.
Jerf, ¥\e\Afrois. Strom Sondmor. 1^2. Pon-

top. Noriuay,i\, 22. Scheffer's Lapland,

'34-

Hyaena. BriJ/in quaJ. i6g. Tjbrandti Idtt

Tra<v. Harris's Coll. ii. 923.
Mullela gulo M. pedibus fiffis, corpore

rufo-lufco, medio dorfinigro. Lin. Jjft,

67. Timmerman. 3 1 1.
Jarf, Filfrels. Faun.fuec. No. 14.
Jserven. Gwmer's A^. Vidros, iii. 143.

tab. iii.
Le Glutton. De Buffon, xiii. 278.

Size.

T) with a round head: thick blunt nofe : fhort ears, rounded,
•*^* except at the tip: limbs large: back ftrait; marked the
whole length with a tawny line: tail fhort and very full of
hair: the hair in all other parts black, finely dama/ked or
watered like a filk, and very glolly-, but fometimes varies into
a browner color. Klein attributes to it five toes on each foot:
that which Mr. Zimmerman defcribes, had but four, very thickly
covered with hair.

The length of one which was brought from Siberia, and kept

alive at Drefden, wa« a yard and eight inches : the height from

the top of the head was nineteen inches. Mr. Zimmerma't de-

8 fcribes

BEAR.

fcribes another, rather leffer than the former, which was fhot near
Helmjledt, in Wolfenbuttle. Its length was three feet three: its
height before fifteen inches-, behind, fixteen : the tail fix inches.

Inhabits Lff/i/d'W, the northern and eaftern parts of 5/M7-3, and Place.

Kavitfchatka. Thofe oi Kamtfchatka differ, and vary to white and
yellowiOi, and their ikins are efteeined by the natives before the
black: they fay, that the heavenly beings wear no other garments.
The women wear the paws of the white fort in their hair : and efteem
a fkin as the moft valuable prefent which their hiifbands or lovers
can make.

They are exceflively voracious; that which was confined at
Drefden would eat thirteen pounds of flefh in a day, and not be
fatisfied. The report of their filling themfelves fo full, as to
be obliged to go between two trees to force out part of the food,
feems to be fabulous.

Like the Lynx, it lurks on the boughs of trees, and will fall
on any animal which paffes by, faften on, and deftroy it. Its
game is chiefly deer ; and about the Lena, horfes. Is capable of
being made tame.

It differs from the bear by its lean habit ; by not lying in-
aflive in winter; and by its living entirely on animal food. It is
alfo more bold, voracious, and cunning.

The Rvjftans call it Rofomak; the Kamifchathans, Timmi; and
the Koratjki, Haeppi. An animal, called by the Greenlanders,
/^ma7iki, is faid to be found in their countrj^, which is fuppofed
to be the Glutton; but as Greenland is deftitute of wood, I fiip-
pofe tlieir Amanki, or Amarok, to be a fabulous animal*.

• See Craiitz HiJ). Greenland.

C a Raccoon

BEAR.

2 1 ^. Raccoon. Rnccoon. lav./on Caro/ina, 12I. Catef-

by Carolina, Apf. xxix.

Mapach, feu animal cunfta prxtentante

manibus. Hernandez, Nov, HiJ'p. i.

Viercmbcrg. 175-

Vulpi aiHnis Americana. Eail fy?!, quad.

179. Sloatie Jamaica, ii. 339.
Coati. Worm. Muj. J19.
Coati. Urfus Cauda annulatim varie-

grata. Brijjmi quad. iSg.
Urfus Lotor. U. Cauda annulata, fafcia

per oculos tranfverfali nigra. Lirr.

JyP. 70. Ara. Zool. i. N" 2 7.
Le Raton, be Buffon, viii. 337. tab.

xliii. Schrebsr, cxliii.
Raccoon. Kalm's Travels. Forjlers Tr,

i. 96. 208. tab, II. Lev. IVlus.

T> with a fliarp-pointed black nofe : upper jaw the longer:
"*^' ears fliort, and rounded: eyes furrounded with two broad
patches of black: from the forehead to the nofe a dufky line:
face, cheeks, and chin, white: upper part of the body covered
with hair, afli-colored at the root, whitifli in the middle, and tipt
with black: tail very bulhy, annulated with black: toes black,
and quite divided. Sometimes this animal varies: I have feen
one entirely of cream color*.
Vlace. Inhabits the warm and temperate parts oi America: found alfo

in the mountains of Jamaica, and in the ifles of Maria, between
the S. point of Califonua and Cape Corientes, in the S. Seaf : an
animal eafily made tame; very good-natured and fportive, but as
unlucky as a monkey; almoll always in motion; very ir.quifitive,
examining every thing with its paws; makes ufe of them as
hands: fits up to eat: is extremely fond of fweet things, and
ftrong liquors, and will get exceflively drunk: has all the cun-
ning of a fox : very deftruftive to poultry ; but will eat all forts

Lev. Mus.

•f- D ampler' s nioy. i. 276.

BEAR. 13

of fruits, green corn, he: at low water feeds much on oyfters ;
will watch their opening, and wiih its paw fnatch out the filh;
fometimes is caught in the fliell, and kept there till drowned
by the coming in of the tide : fond alfo of crabs : climbs very
nimbly up trees: hunted for its fliin; the fur next to that of the
beaver, being e::cellent for making hats.

WhiT^poui Row. White's Sot. Bay, 278. 214. New

Holland.

T3 of the fame external form as the American Raccoon except the
"^-^^ ears, which are pointed: fix cutting teeth in the upper jaw;
two ? in the lower: back of a dark grey ; growing lighter on the
fides: belly of a fine brown: tail as long as the body, covered with
longhair; the lower part near the end is naked, and has a pre-
henfile quality like fome fpecies of monkies, or the common O/o/^ •
fum.

Inhabits Ne'vo Holland. Place.

Six

14 BADGER.

XXr. BADGER. Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw.

Five toes before, five behind: very long flrait claws On the

fore feet.
A tranfverfe orifice between the tail and the anus.

215. Common. Meles. PMi lib. viii. c. 38. Gefner quad. 183.

quaJ. 327. Le Blaireau, ou Taifon. De Bujin,

Meles, five Taxus. Raiijyn. quad. 185. viii. 104. tab. vii.

Meles, Taxus, Taflus, Blerellus; Jaz- Urfus meles U. cauda concolore, cor-

wiec, Borfuk. Rzaczir,Jk! Polon. 233. poreiupra oinereo, fubtus nigro, faf-

Coati cauda brevi, Coati grileus. Tax- cia longitudi.iali per oculos aurefque

us, Meles, Tax. Klein quad. 73. nigra. Lin.Jyfl. 70.

Dachs. Kramir Aufir. ix-^. Meles unguibus anticis longiffimis.

Meles pilis ex fordide albo et nigro va- Graf-fuin. Faun./uec. No. 20. Br.

riegatis veftita, capite tjeniis alterna- Zaol. i. 64. Br. Zool. illujlr. tab. Hi.

tim albis et nigris variegate. Briffon Schreber,z.yX\\. Lev. Mus.

"O with fmall eyes: Ihort rounded ears: fhort thick neck;
^~'* with nofe, chin, lower fides of the cheeks, and middle of
the forehead, white : ears and eyes inclofed in a pyramidal bed of
black: hairs on the body long and rude; their bottoms a yellow-
iih white, middle black, ends afli- colored : throat, breaft, belly,
and legs black: tail covered with long hairs, colored like thofe
on the body ; legs very fhort and thick : claws on the fore feet
very long: a fcetid white matter exudes from the orifice beneath
ihe tail: animal of a very clumfy make.
Size. The length is commonly two feet fix inches from the nofe to

the origin of the tail; of the tail fix inches: the weight from fif-
teen to thirty four pounds. The laft is rare ; but 1 met with, in
the winter of 1779, a male of that weight.

Inhabits

BADGER. 15

Inhabits moll parts of Europe, as far north as Norway*, and
Rujfia; and the Jlep or defert beyond Orenburgh, in the Riijia/i
yi/tatic dominions; in Great Tartary, and in Siheria about the river
Toftiy and even about the Lena, but none in the north ; inhabits
alfo China, and is often found in the butchers iliops in Tekin, the
Chinefe being fond of them-f-. A fcarce animal in moft countries:
feldom appears in the day; confines itfelf much to its hole: is
indolent and fleepy: generally very fat: feeds by night j eats
roots, fruits, grafs, infefts, and frogs : not carnivorous: its flefh
makes good bacon : runs flowly ; when overtaken comes to bay,
and defends itfelf vigoroufly: its bite hard and dangerous : bur-
rows under ground, makes feveral apartments, bat forms only one
entrance from the furface: hunted during night, for the fkin,
which ferves for piftol furniture; the hair, for making bruflies to
foften the fhades in painting. The divifion of this fpecies into
two, viz. the fwine and the dog badger, unneceffary, there being
only one»

j^ra. Zool. i. No. 23. g. American.

T) vvith a white line from the tip of the nofe, paffing between
•*-'• the ears, to the beginning of the back, bounded on each fide,
as far as the hind part of the head, with black, then by a white one,
and immediately between that and the ears is another of black :
hair long: back colored like that of the common badger: fides
yellowifh: belly cinereous: thighs dufky: tail covered with long
dirty yellow hairs, tipped with white; the end dufky.

• Pontop. h'Jl. Norway, ii. 28. f Bell's travels, ii. 83.

The

BADGER.

The legs were wanting in the flvin I took my defcription from.
yi. dc Bi'ffon's defcription, taken from a ftuffcd nninial* brought
from Terra di Libradcr^ will fiipply that dete<fl : he fays there
were only four toes on the fore teet; but he fufpefls (as 1 ima-
gine was the cafe) that the fifth might have been rubbed otf in
Huffing.

Defcribcd from a fkin from Hi;dJons-2jy, found in a furrier's
fliop in London: it was Icfs than that of the Ru.rcpean badu'cr:
the furrier faid, he never met with one before from that country.
Kalm-\- fays, he faw the European badger in the province of Fcn-
fyhvania, where it is called xhQ Ground Hog 'I; and this proves to
be no other, varying very little troni it.

ai6. Indian. "TJ with a fmall head, and pointed nofe : fcarcely any external
■^* ears; only a fmall prominent rim round the orifice, which
was oval : color of the nofe and face, a little beyond the eyes,
black: crown, upper part of the neck, the back, and upper part
of the tail, white, inclining to grey : legs, thighs, breaft, belly,
fides, and under part of the tail black.

Five toes on each foot; the inner fmall ; claws very long and
ftrait.
Size.- Length from nofe to tail about two feet; tail four inches:

hair Ihort and fmooth.

* He calls it Le Carcpjou. Suppl. iii. 242. tab. xlix.
t Kalm's travels, Forfer\^ iranjl. i. i8g.

X M. BriJfcH defcribes a white Badger, with a yellowifli white bell}', and alfo
much inferior in fize to that oi Europe, which M. Reaumur received from NewTork.
Vide Eri£'(.n quad. 185.

Inhabits

BADGER. ,7

Inhabits India: feeds on flelh : is playful, lively, and good- Place.

natured : fleeps rolled up, with its head between its hind legs;
fleeps little in the day : refufed all commerce with the Engli/J}
badger which was turned to it, and lived fome time in the fame
place : climbs very readily over a divilion in its cage.

Vol. II. D Two

OPOSSUM.

XX[[. OPOS-
SUM.

Two canine teeth in each jaw.

Cutting teeth unequal in number in each jaw*.

Five toes on each foot: hind feet formed like a hand, with a

diftindl thumb.
Tail very long, flender, and ufually naked.

217. Virginian. Tlaquatzin. HemarJez Mex. ^^o. Nie- 1^^. Cafe/iyCaroH/ta, /^ffi.xxix. Pccl>e-
rem.'erg, p. 136. and fig. 136. /'art Att les, i. 283.

Tajibi. Mwc^rave BrafiL 222. I aii fyn. Fara, ou Ravall ? Gumilla, Orenoqut, iii.

quad. 182. 18^,
Scnii-vulpa. GeJ'her quad. 870. Icon. An.

90.
Opoilum. ph. Tr. alrUg. ii. 884. tah.

xiii; iii. 593; and v. i6q. liy.Law-

JOH Caro 'ini\, 120. lie-verity' i Firgmiti,

238. Jra. Zool. i. No. 24.
Le Manicou. Feuilkeobf. Peru. iii. 206,
Wood-rat. Du Praiz Lcwjiana, ii. 6,.
Didclphii marfupialis. D mammis odio

intra abdomen .? l.in fyji. 71. Amaen,

Aciid.? i. 561. Lev. Mus.

Owith long fliarp- pointed nofe : large, round, naked, and
• very thin ears, black, edged with pure white: fmall,
black, lively eyes: long fiiff hairs each (ide the nofe, and behind
the eyes : face covered with fliort foft white hairs : fpace round
the eyes dufky : neck very (hort; its fides of a dirty yellow:
hind part of the neck and the back covered with hair above two
inches long; foft, but uneven ; the bottoms of a yellowifh white,
middle part black, ends whitiQi: fides covered with dirty and
dufky Lairs; belly, with foft, woolly, dirty white hair: legs and
thighs black : feet dufky: claws white: bafe of the tail clothed
with long hairs, like thofe on the back ; reft of the tail covered

• This fpecies has eight cutting teeth in each jaw. Tyfin.

with

LXIII.

/rf".

■^/i/fT'/i CyiopH^?ny e. 4. 'Zf7.

O P O S S U M. TQ

with fmall ftales j ihe half next the body black, the reix white ;
it has a difagreeabie appearance, looking like the body of a
fnake, and has the fame prehenfile quality as that of fome mon-
kies: body round, and very t'aick: legs (hort: on the lower part
of the belly of the female is a large pouch, in which the teats are
lodged, and where the young fhelter as foon as they are born.

The ufual length of the animal is, from the tip of the nofe to Size.

the bafe of the tail, about twenty inches; of the tail twelve inches.

Inhahks Firginia, Lou'ifiaim, Mexico, Brafil, zwAPeru: is very Place.

deflrudive to poultry, and fucks the blood without eating the
f.efh : feeds alfo on roots and wild fruits : is very adtive in climb-
ing trees: will hang fufpended from the branches by its tail, and,
by fwinging its body, fling itfelf among the boughs of the neigh-
bouring trees; continues frequently hanging with its head down-
wards: hunts eagerly after birds and their nefls: walks very Manners.
flow: when purfued and overtaken, will feign itfelf dead: not
eafily killed, being as tenacious of life as a cat: when the female
is about to bring forth, flie makes a thick neft of dry grafs in
fome clofe bufh at the foot of a tree, and brings four, five^ or fix
young at a time.

As foon as the young arc brought forth, they take fhelter in the False eelly-
pouch, or falfe belly, and fallen fo clofely to the teats, as not to
be feparated without difficulty: they are blind, naked, and very
fmall when new-born, and referable /^//(/e'i.- it is therefore necef-
fary that they fliould continue there till they attain a perfe(5t
fliape, ftrength, fight, and hair; and are prepared to undergo
what may be called a fecond birth: after which, they run into
this pouch as into an afylum, in time of danger ; and the parent
carries them about with her. During the time of this fecond

D 1 geflation.

20 OPOSSUM.

gcHation, tlie female fliews an exccflive attachment to her young,
and will fufi'er any torture rather than permit this receptacle to
be opened; for fhe has power of opening or ciofing it by the
affiftance of fome very ftrong mufcles.

The flefli of the old animals is very good, like that of a fuck-
ing pig: the hair is dyed by the Indian women, and wove into
garters and girdles: the ik'm is very foetid.

M. de Bnffon feems not to be acquainted with this animal, but
has comj:iled an account of its manners, and collefted the fyno-
nyms of it. The figures * which he has given belong to the fol-
lowing fpecies, as docs the defcription.

iS. Molucca. Cirigue, ou Saragoy. Z>^ iac/, 48J. Philander orlentalis femina. Scli. Maf.

Ciirigueya. Marcg'a've, IZ'^. i. 6r. tab. x\K\'\.Jig. i. z. xxxviii.

Mus iMarfiipialis, Beutel ratze. Klein fg. i.

y;.'i3i'. 59. Sarigue, ou rOpolTiim. De "B ffoi, i,\\,

Vulpes major putoria cauda tereti & gla- x. tal. Ixv. Ixvi. Schiebir, c.vlvi. A.

.bra? Barrel e France j^jiiin. i6b, B. Lev. Mds.

with long, oval, and naked ears: mouth very wide : over
• each eye is an oblong fpot of white: lower fide of the upper
jaw, throat, and belly, of a whitifn afli-color: rell of the hair of
a cinereous brown, tipt with tawny, darkefi on the back: tail
long as the body; near the bafe covered with hair, the reft naked:
claws hooked.

On the belly of the female is a pouch, in which the young
(like thofe ot the former) flielter. Man^rave found fix young
within the pouch of the Carigi'.cya, which I confider as the fame
animal. It had ten cutting teeth above, and eight below.

* The figure in the firll edition was very indiiFurent, I have therefore changed
it for tlie very failliful one in the Phil. Tra'-f.

J Length

OPOSSUM. 2

Length frcm nofe to tail, ten inches. The tail exceeds the Size.

length of head and body. Its whole figure is of a much more
Hender and elegant make than the former.

The tail pulverifed, and taken in a glafs of water, is reckoned
in Nezi' Spain a fovereign remedy againft the gravel, colic, and fe-
veral other difordcrs.

This genus is not confined to America, as M. ^i; Bufon fup- Place.

pofes; who combats the opinion of other naturalirts on this
fubjedt with much warmth : but the authority of Pifo, Vakntyn,
and of L^ Bruyn, who have feen it both in y.iva and in the Mo-
lucca IJlcs, and of numbers of coUedors in HoVuind, who receive
it frequently from thofe pLircs. This and N" 219 are proofs of
what I advance. It is alfo met with in Neiv Holland.

This fpecies is found in great numbers in Aoe and Solor : It is
called in the Indies, Pcla?idor Jroe, or the Arc^e Rabbet. They are
reckoned very delicate eating; and are very common at the ta-
bles of the Great, who rear the young in the fame places in which
they keep their rabbets. It inhabits alio Suilnam, and the hot
parts oi America.

j'f/'^z figures and defcribes, in his i ft vol. 64. tab. xxxix, an «. Greater.
Opoflum under the name of Philander maximus orientalii fx-
mina. It has a pouch like the former: is much larger ; feems to '
have a longer and more flender tail: has broader cars; has a
dufky fpot over each eye, and is of a darker color. It feeds on
fruits: was brought from Ambolna, where it is called Cocs Coes*.

* Jn Indih orkntalibus, iiquc folum, quantum haSlenu: conjiat, in Amhoina, /imit'is
Beflia (Carigueya) frequem ad ftlis magnhudinem accedeas, maQa'a ah incolis co-
meditur, Ji rite frepurelur, ),am alias futet. homea illi Cous Cous inditum. Pifo
Indin, 3:3.

I am

OPOSSUM.

I am unacquainted with this fpecies, fo leave thefe two conjoined
till I receive fuller information.

Much is wanted to complete the natural hlRory of this genus.

219. JavaN. Filander. le Erujn wy. Eajr Indies, ii. lOi. tab. ccxiii. EJ. Angl,

(according to Le Briiyns figure) with a narrow fox-like
head : upright pointed ears : a brown ftripe paffing through
the eyes : fore legs very fhort : five toes on the fore feetj three
only on the hind, two of which are very ftrong; the outmoft
flender and weak; and found on difTeilion to confifl: internally of
two bones, clofely united, with two weak claws burfling out of
the Ikin*: tail thick, (hotter than the body.

In the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth ; in the lower two,
which are formed like thofe of fquirrels: no canine teeth f.

On the belly is a complete pouch, like the Firginian kind:
hair on the body rude : face feemingly that of a hare.
PtACK. Difcovered firft by Mr. Le Bruyn, who faw in Java feveral in

an inclofure along with rabbets : they burrowed like them ;
leaped in their pace; preferved their young in the pouch, which
would often peep out when the old ones were ftill.

The fidelity of Le Bruyn ^ figure has been fince confirmed by
the fpecimens fent from Java into Holland.

• Pallas in aft. acad. Petrop. fars ii. 229. tat, ix*. f The fame.

Mus

OPOSSUM. 23

Mus fylveftris Ameiicanus .Vra/';/i?.t die- cantibus. Br'Jfon quad. ii\. 220. MuRl wE.

tus. Seb. MuJ. i. 46. tub. xxxi.Ji^. Didelphis murina. D. cauda femipilofa,

1.2. mammis i'enis. Lin./yfl. -jz.

Philander faturate fpadiceus in dorfo. La Marmofe. De B'ffon, x. 336. tai.

in ventre dilute flavus, pedibus albi- lii. liii. ichrebir, cxlix.

Owith long broad ears, rounded at the end, thin and naked :
• eyes encompafled with black: face, head, and upper part
of the body, of a tawny color: the belly yellowifli white: the
feet covered with (hort whitilh hair: toes forirned like thofe of the
Ftrglman: tail flender, covered with minute fcales, from the tip
to within two inches of the bafe, which are cloathed with hair.
Length from nofe to tail, about eight inches; tail of the fame
length: the female wants the falfe belly of the former; but, on the
lower part, the (kin forms on each fide a fold, betweeen which the
teats are lodged.

This fpecses varies in color: I have feen one from Guiana,
brown above, white beneath.

Inhabits the hot parts of South America : agrees with the others
in its food, manners, and the prehenfile powers of its tail : it
brings from ten to fourteen young at a time ; at left, in fome fpe-
cies, there are that number of teats: the young affix themfelves
to the teats as foon as they are born, and remain attached, like
fo many inanimate things, 'ciil they attain growth and vigor to
Ihift a little for themfelves.

Cayopollin.

24 OPOSSUM.

221. Mexican. Ca.yo'poWm. HeDiatidez Nov. H!/p. lo. ventre ex albo flavlcans, Cauda ex fatu-

Animal caudimanum. Nierembn-g, 158. rate fpadiceo maculata. Brijjfon quad'.

Mus Jfricanus Kayopollin diftus, mas, 212. Schreier, cxU'm.

Seb. Ml'/, lab. xxxi. Jig. 3. Le Cayopollin. De Buffon, x, 350. tab.

Philander faturate fpa^ceus in dorfo, in Iv. Lev. Mus.

Owith large, angular, naked, and tranfparent ears : nofe-
• thicker than that of the former kind : vvhiflters very large :
a flight border of black furrounds the eyes : face of a dirty white,
with a dark line running down the middle : the hairs on the head,
and upper part of the body, afh-colored at the roots ; of a deep
tawny brown at the tips: legs duflcy : claws white: belly dull
cinereous : tail long, and pretty thick, varied with brown and.
yellow: is hairy near an inch from its origin;, the reft naked;
length, from nofe to tail, about nine inches; the tail the length
of the body and head.

Inhabits the mountains of Mexico.- lives in trees, where It
brings forth its young : when in any fright, they embrace their
parent clofely: the tail is prehenfile, and ferves inftead of a
hand.

2J2. Cayenne. Le Crabier. De Biifon, Suppkm. iii. 272.

Canis ferus major, Cancrofus vulgo diftus. Kouparn. Barren France MquinoSl. 149.

with a long flender face : ears ereft, pointed, and fhort: the

I coat woolly, mixed with very coarfe hairs, three inches

long, of a dirty white from the roots to the middle; from thence

to the ends of a deep brown : fides and belly of a pale yellow:

legs of a dufky brown: thumb on each foot diflind: on the toes

OPOSSUM, 25

of the fore feet, and thumb of the hind, are nails ; on the toes
of the hind feet crooked claws : tail very long, taper, naked,
and fcaly.

Length feventeen French inches : of the tail fifteen and a half.
The fubjedt meafured was young.

Inhabits Cayenne: very adive in climbing trees, on which It
lives the whole day. In marlhy places, feeds on crabs, which,
when it cannot draw out of their holes with its feet, hooks them by
means of its long tail. If the crab pinches its tail, the animal fets
up a loud cry, which may be heard afar : its common voice is a
grunt like a young pig. It is well furnifhed with teeth, and will
defend itfelf ftoutly againft dogs : brings forth four or five young,
which it fecures in fome hollow tree. The natives eat thefe animals,
and fay their flelh refembles a hare. They are eafily tamed, and
will then refufe no kind of food.

•^ with the upper part of the head, and the back and fides, 223. Nrw- TTt^t-
^-^* covered with long, foft, glofly hairs, of a dark cinereous , " '' '

color at the bottoms, and of a rufty brown towards the ends :
belly of a dirty white.

Tail taper, covered with fhort brown hairs, except for four
inches and a half of the end, which was white, and naked under-
neath : toes like the former.

The fkin I examined had loft part of the face : the length from
the head to the tail was thirteen inches : the tail the fame.

This was found near Endeavour river, on the eaftern coaft of
Vol. II E Ne:o

OPOSSUM.

l<Je'W Holland, with two young ones *, It lodges in the grafs, but
is not common.

224. Vulpine- StocMah^s Bet. Bay, i^q.

/~\ with very long whiikers : ears erefV, and pointed : upper
^^* parts of the body greyiQi, mixed with duiky and white
hairs, tinged with rufous : the laft predominates about the flioul-
ders : all the under fide of the neck and body of a tawny buff;
about a quarter of the tail, next to the body, of the fame
color with the back ; the reft black : length from the tip of the
nofe to the tail, two feet two inches : the tail fifteen.
Inhabits Nezv Holland.

225. Short- yim^yUt&iis Americana, foemina, Seb. trehelvus, cauda brevi craffa, BnJJbn

TAILED, Rh/.'i. ^o. tab.xxxi. quaii, Zl^. Schreler,t\\.

Philander obfcure rufus in dorfo, in ven-

/^ with naked ears: the back of a dull red; belly of a paler:
^^' tail fcarce half the length of the body; thick at the bafe,
leffening towards the end : no falfe belly.

\nh2i\n\.% South America: the young adhere to the teats as fooii
as born. Seba fays it lives in woods, and brings from nine to
twelve young at a time.

* CeolCs 'voy, ili 586.

Piiilander

O P O S S U M.

Philanderexrufoluteus in dorfo, in ventre fg. ^. Klein quaJ. ^'5. 226. Phalange r-

ex flavoalbicans, capite ci-dlTo. BrJJln Le Phalanger. De Buffo':, xiii. <)z. tab,
quad. 213. S.b.Muf. i. ^o, tab, xxx\. x. .\i. Schrelcr, cXli.

r~\ with a thick nofc: flioit ears, covered with hair: eight
^^ • cutting teeth in the upper jaw; two in the lower ; hair oa
the upper part of the body reddifla, mixed with light afli-color,
and yellow : the hind part of the head, and middle of the back,
marked with a black line: the throat, belly, legs, and part of the
tail, of a dirty yellowiih white; the reft of the tail brown and
yellow: the body of the female marked with white: the firft and
fecond toes of the hind feet clofely united : the claws large : the
thumb on the hind feet diftinft, like that of the other fpecies:
the bottom of the tail is covered with hair, for near two inches
and a half; the reft naked : the length, from nofe to tail, near
nine inches; the tail ten.

This fpecies inhabits the Enji Indian iflands, as I am informed Place. '

by Do6tor Pallas ; nor is it found in Surinam, as M. dc Buffon
conjedtures.

De zak, of Beurs Rot. Mrr/<7» /^<??. 5'«- Mus {ylve^ris jimencanus, catulos in 227, Merian*.

rinam. 66. tab. Ixvi. dorfo gerens. Klein quad. ;8.

Mus fylvellris Americana. Seb. Muf, i. Didelphis dorfigera. D. caudabafi pilofa

49. tab. xxxA.fg. 5. corpore longiore, digitis manuum mu-

Philander ex rufo helvus in dorfo, in ticis. Lit. lyp. 72.

ventre ex flavo albicans. Br'sff^n quad. Le Philandre de Surinam. De Buffon, x\.

212. 157. Mus. Lev.

1^ with long, fliarp-pointed, naked ears : head, and upper part
V*^* of the body, of a yellowifh brown color: the belly white,

* From Merian, a German paintrefs, who firft difcovered the fpecies at Surinam,
E 2 tinged

28 OPOSSUM.

tinged wltk yellow : the fore feet divided into five fingers ; the
hind into four, and a thumb, each furniflied with flat nails : tail
very long, flender, and, except at the bafe, quite naked.
Size. The length, from nofe to tail, is ten inches. The tail exceeds

the length of the body and head.

Inhabits Surinam: burrows under ground: brings five or fix
young at a time, which follow their parent : on any apprehenfion
of danger, they all jump on her back, and twilling their tails
round her's, ihe immediately runs with them into her hole.

Flying.

228, FlyinC. Flying Oporfum. StccUale's But. Bay, zg-j. White's, z'&Z.

/^ with large ears: whole upper part of the body covered witk
^^* a rich fur of a glofly black, mixed with grey. On each
hip is a tan-color'd fpot; all the under fide white : tail at the bafe
light color'd; increafing to black as it advances towards the tip:
along the middle of the back from the head to tail, is a black
line: on the fore feet are five toes; on the hind only three, with a
thumb without any nail. From the fore to the hind feet, is a
large membrane like the flying fquirrel's: length from nofe to tail,
twenty inches : of the tail twenty two.

Inhabits Nezv Holland. The fur exqulfitely fine.

Kanguroo.

T.\l\-.

■^9-

/J /ty/// rr/ .

ff/i

I.:

■in.

OPOSSUM.

** Gerboid.

Kanguroo. Cook's wey. iii. 577. tai. xx.
Yerboa gigantea. Zimmerman, 526.

229. Kancaru.

/^ with a fmall head, neck, and fhoulders : body increafing in
^^* thicknefs to the rump.

The head oblong, formed like that of a fawn, and tapering
from the eyes to the nofe: end of the nofe naked and black : up-
per lip divided.

Noftrils wide and open: lower jaw Ihorter than the upper: aper-
ture of the mouth fmall: whifkers on both jaws: thofe on the
upper longeft: ftrong hairs above an^ below the eyes.

Eyes not large; irides dufky, pupil of a blueifh black.

Ears eredt, oblongly ovated, rounded at the ends, and thin, co-
vered with fhort hairs; four inches long.

No canine teeth: four broad cutting teeth in the upper jaw: Tiith.
two long lanceolated teeth in the lower, pointing forward : four
grinding teeth in each jaw, remote from the others. This ani-
mal has the very fingular power of feparating the lower incifores,
and of bringing them again clofe to each other.

Belly convex and great.

Fore legs very (hort, fcarcely reaching to the nofe; ufelefs for Legs.
walking.

Hind legs almofl: as long as the body: the thighs very thick :

on the fore feet are five toes, with long conic and ftrong claws ;

on the hind feet only three : the middle toe very long and thick,

like that of an oftrich; and extends far beyond the two others,

5 which

JO O P O S S U IvL

which are placed vev)' difthift fro:-!i it, and are Imal! : the claws
fliorr, thick, and blunt: the inner toe of the hind feet is firigu-
larly diftinguKhed by having on it tv^o fmall claws : the bottom
of the feet, and hind part, black, naked, and tuberculated, as
the animal refts often on them.
Tail. Tail very long, extending as far as the ears; thick at the bafc,

tapering to a point : the end is black ; at the extremity is a ftrong
hard nail : the hair, on all parts fliort and rather hard.

Scrotum large and pendulous, and is placed before the penis.

The female has on the belly an oblong pouch of a vaft depth.
The receptacle of its young.

Hair on the whole animal foft, and of an afli-color ; lighteft
on the lower parts.
Size. Length of the largeft fkin I examined, three feet three inches

from the nofe to the tail : of the tail, two feet nine.

Weight of the largeft which was fliot, was eighty four pounds;
but this, on examination of the grinding teeth, had not attained
its full growth*. Later accounts inform us, they grow to the
weight of a hundred and forty pounds : to the length of fix
feet to the bafe of the tail : the tail itfelf, according to Mr. Stock-
dale's publication, only two feet one.
Place. Inhabits the weftern fide of New Holland, and has as yet been

difcovered in no other part of the world. The natives call it
Kangaru. It iurks among the grafs: feeds on vegetables: drinks
by lapping : goes chiefly on its hind legs, making ufe of the fore
feet only for digging, or bringing its food to its mouth. The
dung is like that of a deer. It is very timid : at the fight of men

* Ctolisvoy.nu ^Zb.

flies

OPOSSUM.

flies from them by amazing lenps, fpringing over biifhes feven or
eight feet high; and going progrelUvely from rock to rock. It
carries its tail quite at right angles with its body when it is in mo-
lion; and when it alights often looks back: is much too fwiftfor
gre-hounds : is very good eating, according to our firft navigators;
but the old ones, according to the report of the more recent voy-
gers, were lean, coarfe, and tough.

The weapon of defence was its tail, with which it would beat
away the ilrongefl: dog.

In the fpring of the prefent year I had opportunity of obferv-
ing the manners of one brought into the capital alive. It was in
full health, very aftive, and very mild and good natured : on firfl:
coming out of its place of confinement, it for a little time went
on all fours, but foon affumed an upright attitude. It would
fport with its keeper in a very fingular manner: it firfl; placed
its tail in a perpendicular manner, erefted its body on it as
on a prop, and then raifing its whole body, darted its hind legs
on the breaft of the man. It was capable of flriking with great
force if provoked : and it could fcratch violently with its fore
claws.

This is a very anomalous animal: but has more relation to this
genus than any other; and in form of its legs comes very near to
ihe J avail. N'aip.

Kanguroa

OPOSSUM.

230. Leaser Kanguroo rat. StocUale, 277. White, 286.

Kangaru,

/^ with the vifage of a rat; with two fharp pointed cutting teeth
^^* in the upper ; two larger in the lower, with truncated
ends : fore feet very fliort, furnifhed with four toes : hind legs and tail
refembling the great fpecies. Three toes on each hind foot; the
middle greatly exceeding the other two in length : on the belly Is
a pouch ; within which were four nipples. The color above is
of a pale brown, lighter on the belly : in fize double to that of the
Brown rat.
Manner-!. From the form of its parts, the manners probably the fame with

thofe of the former : one was Ihewn in London in 1 790, but fo fh}'
as to elude a perfeft defcription, continually concealing itfelf in the
ftraw of the box.

231. Spotted StockdaWs Bot, Bay, 147.

Kancaru.

/^ with a long canine vifage: upright fharp ears : head and body
^^* black; the firft plain: the body and thighs marked with
large fpots of white, thinly difperfed : tail covered with fhort hairs
at the bafe j the reft very bufhy, covered with very long black hairs.
Fore legs covered with Ihort hairs for a fmall fpace next to the body;
the remaining part naked: the feet furniflied with five toes; the
hind feet with four and a thumb, with a claw. Length from the
nofe to the tail twenty-five inches : tail about nine.
Inhabits New Holland.

Six

VV E E S E Lt

Six cutting teeth, two canine teeth, in each jaw.
Sharp nofe: ilender bodies.
Five toes before ; five behind.

XXIII. WEESEL.

Muflela. Jgricda An. Subter, 485. Gef- Sno-mus. Fanit. Suec. N* 18.

jier (juaJ. -j^z. Muftela fupra rutila, infra alba. Brif-

W'eafel or Weefel, muftela vulgaris; /on quad. i']'^.

in 7'orkjhire, the Fitchet, or Fou- La Belette. De Buffcn, vii. 225. tab.

mart. Raiifyn. quad. 195. xxix.

The Whitred. ^ib. Scot. ill. II. Weefel. Br. Zool. i. 82. Br. Zool. il-

Wiefel. Klein quad. bl. lu/lr. tab. ci. Schreher, cxxxviii.

Muftela nivalis. Un.JyJi.b(), Lev. Mus.

TXr with finall rounded ears: whole upper part of the head
'^ * and body of a pale tawny brown; under fide entirely
white: a brown fpot beneath the corners of the mouth: length,
from nofe to tail, between fix and feven inches : tail two and a
half.

Inhabits moft parts of Europe; is common in Siberia, as
far as Kamtfchatka ; is met with in N. America, even as high as
Hudfon's Bay, found alfo in Barbary*. Is very deftruflive to
chickens, birds, and young rabbets; a great devourer of eggs :
does not eat its prey on the fpot; but after killing it, by a bite
near the head, carries it off to its retreat: is a great deftroyer of
field mice; a gentleman informed me he found eighty-five, new-
ly killed, in one hole, which he believed belonged to this animal:

232. COMMOK.

Vol. II.

• Sbaiv's Tra-veh, 249.

very

34 W E E S E L. ■

very active, runs up the fides of walls with great eafej no place is
fecure from its ravages ; frequents outhoufes, barns, and grana-
ries: is a great enemy to rats and mice, and foon clears its
haunts from thofe pernicious animals : brings four or five young
at a time : its fkin and excrements intolerably foetid. In Nor-
way, Szueden, RuJJta, and Siberia, it always changes to white at
approach of winter. In Siberia it is called LafmitJ}:a: their iliins
are fold to the Chincfe for three or four rubles the hundred.

233. TouaN. Le Touan Je la Cepedes, Sec, vi. 252. iai. Ixi.

TXT" with the upper part of head and body blackifh ; fides of
*" • the body, head, and legs, of a bright ferruginous; the
lower part of the neck and body of a more pure white: the length
from the nofe to tail is rather more than five inches : the tail is
rather more than two inches long, and tapers to a point.

Inhabits Cayenne : lives in hollow trees: lives on worms and in-
fecls, and brings two young at a time, which it carries on its
back.

Muftela.

W E E S E L,

Muftela. Gefrer qut!ii. yi^'^. Muftela hyeme alba, seftate fupra ru-

Wiefel. Kramer Auftr. 312. Meyer s An, tila infra alba, caudx apice nigro.

ii. tab, 23, 24. BriJTon quad. I76.

Muftela erminea. M. plantis fiffis, Le Rofelet. De Bujffon, vii. 240. tah.

caudae apice albo. th./yft. 68. xxix. Schrchcr, cxxxvii. A.

Wefla. Faun./uec. No. 17. Stoat. Br. Zool. i. 84. Lev. Mas.

234. SrOAT.

^. Ermine, when white. Mus Pon-
ticus. Pliiiii lib. viii. c. 37. Agri-
cola A'!. Sub'er, 484.

Armelinus, Hermeleiii. Cefner quad.

754-
Gornoftay. R::acz':njki Pohn. 235.
Muftela Candida, animal ermmeum.

Rail fyn. quad. 198.
L'Hcrmine. De Buff.ti, vii. 24c. tah.

xxw.f.g. 2 Brijfor.quad. l-]6. Schri-

ter, cxxxvii. B.
Ermine. H:J}. Kamtfchatka, 99. Poniop.

Nor-zvav. ii. 25. jBr. Zcol. i. 84.

Lev. Mus.

TT7" with the upper part of the body pale tawny brown:
' ' • edges of the ears, and ends of the toes, of a yellowifli
white: throat, breaft, and belly, white: end of the tail black:
length, froin nofe to tail, ten inches; tail five and a half: in
the N. of Europe and /^fia, and in the Highlands of Scotland, it
becomes entirely white at the approach of winter, the end of
the tail excepted: refumes its brown color in the fpring : fome-
times found white in E/igland : one was brought to me in a
former winter, mottled with brown and white, the feafon not
having been fevere enough to effeft a total change * ; but in
February 1780, I faw in my grounds two others in the ftate
of moft perfedt and beautiful ermines. In the mountains of
Southern Jfia and Perjta, it retains its brown color the whole
yearf.

Br. Zeel. tlluf.r, tah. ci.
F 2

t Pallas,

Inhabits,

W E E S E L.

Inhabits, in great abundance, the N. of Europe, and oi AJia;
in Kamtfchatka and the Kurile Illands ; is met with in Newfound-'
land and Canada * : the ilcins a great article of commerce in
Norway and Siberia: is found in the laft place in plenty, in birch
forefts, but none in thofe of fir or pine: the fkins are fold on the
fpot, from two to three pounds Jlerljng per hundred -f : taken in
Norzvaj in traps, baited with flcQii in Siberia %, either Ihot with
blunt arrows, or taken in a trap made of two flat ftones, propped
by a flick, to which is faftened a baited ftring, which, on the
left touch of the animal, falls down and kills it; its manners
and food the fame with the former; but does not frequent houfcs:
its haunts are woods and hedges, efpecially fuch as border on
fome brook.

25 J. Qui QUI. Muftela Qui qui. Molina Chili. 273.

with a cuneiform nofe : ears fliort and round, with a white
fpot in the middle : general color brown : legs and tail
fhort : feet like thofe of a lizard : length from nofe to tail thirteen
inches.

Inhabits Ci'i//; is fierce and irritable : lives underground: feeds
on mice.

2?6. CvjA. Muftela Cuja. Molina Chili. 272.

with black eyes : nofe turned up at the end : hair black ;
• very thick, butfoft : tail as long as the body, well furnilh-
ed with hair : very like the ferret in fize, fhapc, and teeth.

• Charlevoix hifl. Nouv. France, v. 197. t Midler Huff. Samlung. 516.

t BeWi travels, \. 199. Pontop. l\or'way,\\. z:^.

« Inhabits

W E E S E L.

Inhabits Chili : lives on mice : breeds twice a year, and brings
three or four at a time.

La Fouine ds la Guiane. De BuJ'on, Suppl. iii. i6i. tab. xxiii.

Wwith a long iharp nofe : that, the cheeks, throat, and
• fides of the neck, black: forehead and fides of the head,
to the ears, white : ears fliort, round, and edged with white :
from each ear, a narrow white ftripe extends along the fides of
the neck : the body covered with coarfe hairs, grey at their
bafes, black and white at the ends : legs and feet black, tinged
with red : the toes not unlike thofe of a rat.

Length from nofe to tail near twenty-one inches and a half:
tail full of hair, of a bright chefnut, mixed with white; is rather
fhorter in proportion than that of the Englij}} Fitchet, to which
it has a great refemblance.

Inhabits Guiana,

zyj. S. Ameri-
can Fitchet.

Size.

Place.

Putorius. Gefner quad. 767.

Yltis. Jgricola An. Subtcr. 485.

Pole- cat, or Fitchet, Rail Jyn. quad.

196.
Tchorz. Rzaczinjki Pohn. 236.
Muftela fcetida. litis. TeufFels kind.

Klein quad.
Mioilela putorius. M. pedibus fiflis,
corpore flavo nigricante; ore auri-

culifque albls. Lin. fyfi. 67. Iller.

Faun.fuec. No. 16.
Muftela pilis in exortu ex cinereo al-

bidis, colore nigricante terminatis,

oris circumferentia alba. Brijfon quasi.

186.
Le Putois. T>e Buffon, vii. 199. tab,

xxiii. Schreber, cxxxi.
Pole-cat. Br. Zool. i. 77. Mus. Lev,

Fitchet.

with the fpace round the mouth white; the tips of the ears
' of the fame color: head, body, and legs, of a chocolate-
color.

38 W E E S E L.

cclor, alinoft black: oil the fides the hairs are of a tawny caft:
tail black: length feveiiteen inches; tail fix.

Inhabits moft parts of Europe; is common in the temperate
parts of R'jJJla, but grows fcarcer in Siberia, except in the defert
oi Baraba, and beyond the lake Baikal. None are found north
of thole places: they are ufually met with, in the places jult cited,
with white or yellowifh rumps, bounded with black.

The Fitchet burrows under ground, forming a (hallow retreat,
about two yards in length, generally terminating under the
roots of fome large tree; fometimes forms iis lodge under hay-
ricks, and in barns : brings five or fix young at a time : preys on
poultry, game, and rabbets : in winter frequents houfes, and will
rob the dairy of milk. This animal is exceffively fcetid; yet
the fliin is drefied with the hair on, and ufed as other furs, for
tippets, Sec; and is alfo fent abroad to line cloaths.

239, Sarmatiak. Muftela farmatica,7?;/^jPerugufna.P^/- tnerman, 486. Schreher, cxxxli.

las, Itin. i. 453, GueUenJiaedt, in Nov, Frzfw/«/^fl, or the girdled weefel? R%aC'
Com. Petrop. xiv. 441. tab. x. Zim- %i»Jki, auft. hill. Polon. 328.

TXT" with broad, fhort, round ears, edged with long white
'^ ' * hairs: mouth furrounded with white: head, feet, and
under fide of the body, of n full black: head crofled beyond each
eye with a white band, paffing beneath the ears along the fides of
the neck, and down to the throat; from the hind part of the
head, another of yellow pafles on each fide obliquely towards

the

W E E S E L.

the (boulders ; above, is a third: the upper part of the body is
of a brownilh black, ftriped and fpotted irregularl}' with obfcure
yellow: tail dufky, full of hairs, intermixed with white ones
longer than the reft ; the end wholly black.

Length, from the tip of the note, about fourteen inches; of the Si7:z.

tail fix.

Inhabits only Poland, and the fouthern provinces of i?/(/^iZ, be- Place.
tween the Dnieper and Folga ; and in JJitj, the Caucafean mountains,
and Georgia ; and by report, Bucharia.

It is a moft voracious animal, feeding on the marmots, mice. Manners.
and other lelTer animals that inhabit with it the vaft plains of
the Ruffian empire. Seizes on its prey, and firft fucks out the
blood; does not meddle with eggs: lives ufually in holes made
by other beafts, but is not: without the power of burrowing : preys
by night: lleeps little: very fierce and untameable: its eyes
flaming: its fmell foetid, efpecially when it ereds its tail, which
it does in anger : is very adive : It moves by frequent jumps :
copulates in the fpring: goes two months, and brings four or
eight young, according to the report of the natives.

Muftela Siberica, Kolonnok, ^a^/. Pfl//<if Itin. 701. 340. SiBERiAni

WT ^^''■^ ^^^^ ^^''^ black, whitifli about the noftrils, and fpot-

' ' * ted towards the eyes; the refl of the animal of a deep

yellow, nearly approaching to fox or orange color; with the throat

fometimes fpotted with white: tail very full of hair, and of a

deeper

W E E S E L.

deeper color than the body : hair in general loofe and long : the
foles of the feet thickly covered with fnr.
Size. Its body more {lender than the Fitchet, coming nearer to the

form of the Stoat: length to the tail twelve inches; of the tail
fix.
Place. Begins to appear in the Altaic mountains, between the Ob and

the Irtiflj, from whence it is common, in wooded mountains, to
the Amur and lake Baikal. It has great refemblance in its man-
ners, haunts, and food with the fable; but does not extend fb
far north.

241. Ferret. Viverra. /"//'h/V /y/i. viii. r. ^^. Jgricela neo colore terminatis (mafc.) M. pilis

Jn. Subier. 486. exalbofubflavis veftita. (fcem.) BiiJJhn

Muftela ruftica, viverra, Furo, Iftls. quad. 177.

Ge/>:er quad. 762. Rait Jyn. quad. 198. Muftela Furo. M. pedibus fiflis, oculis

Vr^t. Klein quad. 63. Schreber, cxxxin. lubicundis. L/w./v/?. 68. Mus, Lev.

Viverra pilis fubfiavis, longioribus, cafta-

"f T 7" with a very fliarp nofe : red and fiery eyes : round ears :
* ' • color of the whole body a very pale yellow : length
about fourteen inches; tail five.

Inhabits, in its wild ftate, Africa*; from whence it was ori-
ginally brought into Spain -f, in order to free that country from
the multitudes of rabbets, with which the kingdom was over-
run ; from thence the reft of Europe was fupplied with it: is a
lively aftive animal : the natural enemy of rabbets : fucks the

• Shanv's trai'els, 24Q.

t Kai ya/\.KS- iTpias- ai 11 Mitv,: (fSfH Stiaho, lib. iii.

blood

W E E S E L. 41

Hood of its prey, feldom tears it: breeds in our climate: and
brings five, fix, or nine at a time: but is apt to degenerate, and
lofe its favage nature: warreners* are therefore obliged to pro-
cure an intercourfe between the female and a pole-cat, by leaving
it near the haunts of the laft: the produce is a breed of a much
darker color than the ferret, partaking more of that of the pole-
cat. The ferret has the fame difagreeable fmell with that animal.

Martes gutture albo. ^^r;Vtf/« ^«. 5«^«n Brifon quad. 178. 2^2. Martin.

485. Gefner quad, 764. Muftela martes. M. pedibus liflis, cor-

Stein-marter. Klein quad. 64. pore fulvonigricante,gula pallida. i;«.

Martes, alias Foyna, Martin, or Martlet. JyJI. 67. Mard. Faun.fuec. No. i j.

Rail Jyn, quad. 200. LaFouine. DeBuffon,\'u.. 1^6, tab. x.vuu

Kuna. Rzaczinjki Polon. 222. Schreber, cxxix.

Muftela pilis in exortu albidis caftaneo Martin. Br. Zeol.i. 79. Lev. Mus.

colore terminatis veftita, gutture albo.

WT ^''^ broad rounded ears : lively eyes : head brown,
^ ' • with a tinge of red : body, fides, and legs, covered
fiixh. hair, afli-colored at the bottoms, bright chefnut in the
middle, black at the tips : throat and breaft white : belly deep
brown : tall full of hair, and of a dufky color : feet broad, co-
vered at bottom with thick down : claws white : length eighteen
inches : tail ten.

Inhabits moft parts of Europe, even to t"he warmer parts of Place.

Rujia, but does not extend far eaft in that empire: is a moft
elegant lively animal: capable of being tamed: is very good-
natured and fportive : lives in woods ; and breeds in the hollow

• Br.Zeel.i.'jS. ii.493.
Vol. II. G of

W E E S K L.

of tre€s; and often, during winter, fhclters in magpies nefts;
brings from four to fix young at a time: deftroys poultry,
game, &c. and will eat rats, mice, and moles : tke fkin and ext
crements have a mufky fmell : the fur is of fome value, and ufed
to line the robes of magiftratcs.

243. Grey.

HEADED.

Place.

Le grande Marte de Guianne. de La Cifedes, de Buffan, Suppl. vi, 250. tab. ly.

\KJ ''^''■^ ^^^ ^^^"^"^ ^"^ upper part of the fides of the neck
' gi'eyifh: throat and vinder fide of the neck white: all
the reft of the body, limbs, and tail, black: length from the tip
of the nofe to the tail above two feet: of the tail (which is full of
hair) eighteen inches.
Inhabits Guiana,

241, Pine. Martes guttuie luteo. Agricola An.Sub-

ter. 485.
Mavtes fylveilris. Ge/ner quad, 76).
Martes abietum. Haii J)n, quad. 200,
Baum-Marter. Klein quad. 64.
Muftela pilis in cxortu ex cinereo al-

bidis caftaneo colore terminatls, gut-

ture flavo. BriJJhn quad,. 1 79.
La Marte. DeBi/ffon, vii. 186. tab, xxiu

Schreber, cxxx.
Yellow.breafted Martin, Br, ZooU i. 81.

FaurMl, Sinens, Lev, Mus,

WT ^^'^^^ ^ yellow breaft and throat; the hair of a dark
* ' • chefnut-color, and of far fuperior finenefs to the former;
in other refpefts agreeing with it.

Inhabits

W E E S E L.

Inhabits the N. of Europe, AJla, and America: found alfo in
Great Britain * : are not found about the river Oby, nor in any
part of Siberia: inhabits large forefts, efpecially thofe of pines:
never lodges near houfes, as the other fpecies is faid-f to do;
M. de Bt'ffon fays, that it brings but two or three young at a
time: its prey is the fame with the former; its fur of far greater
value. The peninfula oi Kamtfchatka, and North America, abound
with them: their fkins a prodigious article of commerce. Thofe
found about Mount Cancafus, with an orange throat, are efteemed
the fineft in the furriers fliops.

Zobela. Jgricola J^n. Subter. ^%^. corpore obfcure fulvo, fronte exal- 24;. Sable.

Muftela Sobella. Gi/ner quad. ib^, bida, gutture cinereo. Lin./y/f. 68.

Muftela Zibellina, the Sable. Rali/yti, Muftela Zibellina. A'sr. Com. Petrop.

quad. 201. KUin quad. 64. v. 330. tab. vi.

Muftela Zibellina, Arijtotele Satherius, Martes Zibellina, Muftela obfcure ful-

Kipht Cebalus. Alciato Mus Samar- vo, gutture cinereo. BriJJon quad.

ticus et Scythicus. Charleton Ex. 20, 180.

Muftela Zibellina. M. pedibus fiffis. La Zibeline. De Bufoit, xiii. 309.

with long whifkers: rounded ears: large feet: white
claws: long and bufliy tail; color of the hair black at
the tips, cinereous at the bottom : chin cinereous, fometimcs
white, yellow, or fpotted: the edges of the ears yellowilh :
fometimes the hair has a tawny caft; for in fpring, after fliedding

• M. de Buffon fays, we have none of tbefe animals In England, Farce qu'il
fi'y apat de b«is. That gentleman, never did our kingdom the honour of making a
progrefs through it.

f All foreign writers agree in this ; but thofe which inhabit my neighborhood
always keep in the woods, except in their nodlurnal excurfions.

G 2 the

44 VV E E S E L.

the coat, the color varies: there are inftances of their being
found of a fnowy whitenefs *.

The fize is equal to that of the Martin, to which it has a great
refemblance in form: but this fpecific diftinftion mufl: be noted —
the tail of the martin is much longer than the hind legs, when
extended : that of the Sable (horter.
tfiACE. Inhabits Siberia, Kamtfihatka., and fome of the Kiirilc ifles,

which lie between Kamtfchatka and Japan. Notwithftanding what
Mr. Scheffer fays-]-, it is certain there are none to be found weft
of the Urallian mountains, from whence they increafe in num-
bers, in proportion as you advance eafi:ward.

Sables live in holes in the earth, or beneath the roots of trees :
fometimes, like the martin, form nefts in the trees, and will
fkip with great agility from one to the other : are very lively,
and much in motion during night: fleep much in the day:
one that was kept tame would, on fight of a car, fit up oa its
hind legs: excrements moft exceffively foetid: prey, during
fummer, on ermines, weefels, and fquirrels, but above all on
hares; in winter, on birds; in autumn on hurtleberries, cran-
berries, and the berries of the fervice-tree : but during that fea-
fon their fkins are at the worft, that diet caufing them to itch,
and to rub oft' their fur again ft the trees: they bring forth at
the end of March, or beginning of April, and have from three
to five at a time, which they fuckle for four or five weeks J.

Their chace was, in the more barbarous times of the Rujjian
empire, the employ, or rather the taiks, of the unhapy exiles
into Siberia : as that country is now become more populous, the

• Sirahlenhtrg hift . Rujfta, 4f2. f Scheffer Lapl. 136.

J IJiJl. Kamt/chatka, 109, &C.

fables

W E E S E L. 45

fables have in great meafure quitted it, and retired farther
North and Eajl^ to live in defert forefts and mountains. They
hve near the banks of rivers, or in the little iflands in them * :
on this account they have, by fome, been fuppofed to be the
SaS-ffiw of Arijlotle, Hijl. An. lib. viii. c. 5 ; which he clafTes with
the animals converfant among waters.

At prefent the hunters of fables form themfelves into troops,
from 5 to 40 each; the laft fubdivide into lefTer parlies, and
each chufes a leader, but there is one that direds the whole : a
fmall covered boat is provided for each party, loaden with pro-
vifion, a dog and net for every two men, and a veffel to bake
their bread in: each party alfo has an interpreter for the coun-
try they penetrate into : every party then fets out according to
the courfe their leader points out : they go againft the ftream of
the rivers, drav/ing their boats up, till they arrive in the hunt-
ing-country ; there they flop, build huts, and wait till the wa-
ters are frozen, and the feafon commences. Before they begin
the chace their leader affembles them, they unite in a prayer to
the Almighty for fuccefs, and then feparate : the firft fable they
take is called God's fable, and is dedicated to the church.

They then penetrate into the woods, mark the trees as they
advance, that they may knov/ their way back; and in their
hunting-quarters form huts of trees, and bank up the fnow
round them: near thefe. lay their traps, then advance far-
ther, and lay more traps, ftill building new huts in every quar-
ter, and return fuccefTively to every old one, to vifit the traps,.
and take out the game to Ikin it, which none but the chief of

• AvriPt Travels y 140.

the

46 \V E E S E L.

the party mud do: during this time they arc fupplied with pro-
vifions by perfons who are employed to bring it on fledges, from
the places on the road where they are obliged to form maga-
zines, by reafon of the imprafliicability of bringing quantities
thro' the rough country they muft pafs. The traps are a fort of
pit-fall, with a loofe board placed over it, baited with fifli or
flefh: when fables grow fcarce, the hunters trace them in the
new-fallen fnow, to their holes, place their nets at the entrance,
and fometimes wait, watching two or three days for the coming
out of the animal : it has happened, that thefe poor people have,
by the failure of their provifions, been fo pinched with hunger,
that, to prevent the cravings of appetite, they have been reduced
to take two thin boards, one of which they apply to the pit of
the ftomach, the other to the back, drawing them tight together
by cords placed at the ends * : fuch are the hardfliips our fellow-
creatures undergo, to fupply the wantonnefs of luxury.

The feafon of chace being finilhed, the hunters re-affemblej
make a report to their leader of the number of fables each has
taken; make complaints of oifenders againft their regulations;
punilli delinquents ; fhare the booty ; then continue at the head-
quarters 'till the rivers are clear of ice; return home and give
£0 every church the dedicated furs.

Commercial "The following is the commercial hiHory of this fur-trade.

History. which Dr. J. R. Fojler was fo obliging as to tranflate for me,
from MuUer's Samlung Rufs. Cefchlckte, iii. 495 to 515, being
an abftracft from above 20 pages.

* Belfs Travels, i. 24J.

4 " Sable,

W E E S E L. 47

'* Sable, Sobol in Ruffiafi; Zobel in German: their price
varies, from 1 1, to lol. flerling, and above: fine and middling
fable ikins are without bellies, and the coarfe ones are with
them: forty (kins make a collection called Zimmer: the fineft
fables are fold in pairs, perfeftly fimilar, and are dearer than
fingle ones of the fame goodnefs; for the RuJJians want thofe in
pairs for facing caps, cloaks, tippets, &c. The blackeft are re-
puted the beft. Sables are in feafon from November to February i
for thofe caught at any other time of the year are (hort haired,
and then called Nedofoboli. The hair of fables differs in length and
quality: the long hairs, which reach far beyond the inferior
ones, are called Os; the more a Ikin has of fuch long hairs, the
blacker they are, and the more valuable is the fur; the very
beft have no other but thofe long and black hairs. Motchka is
a technical term in the Rujian fur-trade, expreffing the lower
part of the long hairs j and fometimes it comprehends likevvife
the lower and fhorter hairs: the above mentioned beft fable
furs are faid to have a black Motchka. Below the long hairs are, in
the greater parts of fable furs, fome fhorter hairs, called Podojiey
i. e. Under-Os: the more Podofie a fur has, the lefs valuable: in
the better kind of fables the Podojie has black tips, and a grey or
Tufty Motchka: the firft kind of Motchka makes the middling,
kind of fable furs ; the red one the worft, efpecially if it has but
few Os : between the Os and Podofie is a low woolly kind of hair,
called Podfada; the more Podfada a fur has, the lefs valuable,
for the long hair will, in fuch cafe, take no other direftion than
the natural one; for the charafler of fables is, that notwithftand-
ing the hair naturally lies from the head towards the tail, yet will

48 W E E S E L.

it lie equally in any direflioii, as you ftrike your hand over it:
the various combinations of thefe charafters, in regard to Os,
Motchka, Podojie, and Podfada, make many fpecial divifions of
the goodnefs of furs: befides this, the furriers attend to the fize,
preferring always, cateris paribus, the biggeft, and thofe that have
the greateft glofs : the fize depends upon the animal being a male or
female, the latter being always fmaller. The glofs vaniflies in old
furs : the frefli ones have a kind of bloomy appearance, as they exprefs
it; the old ones are faid to have done bloo^ihig : the dyed fables
always lofe their glofs, become lefs uniform, whether the lower
hairs have taken the dye or not, and commonly the hairs are
fomewhat twifted or crifped, and not fo ftrait as in the natural
ones : fome fumigate the fkins, to make them look blacker ; but
the fmell, and the crifped condition of the long hair, betrays the
cheat ; and both ways are dctecSled, by rubbing the fur with a
moifh linen cloth, which grows black in fuch cafes.

" The Chineje have a way of dying the fables, fo that the
color not only lads, (which the Ru§um cheats cannot do)
but the fur keeps its glofs, and the crifped hairs only difco-
ver it: this is the reafon that all the fables, which are of
the beft kind, either in pairs or feparate, are carried to Ruf~
Jia; the reft go to China: the very beft fables come from the
environs of Nertch'ijk and Takutjk; and in this latter diftridV,
the country about the river Ud affords fometimes fables, of
whom one fingle fur is often fold at the rate of 60 or 70
rubles (12 or 14I.) The bellies of fables, which are fold in
pairs, are about two fingers breadth, and are tied together
by forty pieces, which arc fold from i to 2I. fterling. Tails

W E E s E l;

are fold by the hundred; the very beft fable furs muft have
their tails, but ordinary fables are often cropped, and a hun-
dred fold from 4 to 81. fterling: the legs or feet of fables
are feldom fold feparately. White fables are rare, and no
common merchandize, but bought only as curiofities: fome
are yellowifh, and are bleached in the fpring on the fnow."

The common fables are fcarcely better in hair and color
than the martin.

The fable is found again in North America. The RuJJians
have often difcovered the fkins mixed with thofe of martins, in
the fur-drefles which the Ichutcki get from the Americans by way
of exchange. Their fur is more glofly than that of the Siberian
fable, and of a bright ch efnut- color ; but of a coarfer quality. It
is to be obferved, that no fables are found N. E. of the river
Anadyr, the country of the Ichutcki'-^.

The information I received from Dodtor Pallas, refpedling the
chara(5ter of this animal, obliges me to lay alide my notion of its
being found in the new world, under the name of ^the Fijloer ; yet
I have reafon to fuppofe I have recovered it on that continent, by
feeing the fkin of another quadruped highly refembling it, in the
cabinet of Mrs. Blackburn, fent from Canada; which I defcribe under
the name of the American.

Its length, from nofe to tail, was twenty inches. The trunk of *. „ .-

*-' ^ •' AMERICA nc

the tail only five inches: but from the rump to the end of the
hairs eight. The ears more pointed than thofe of the Afiatic
fable: feet very large, hairy above and below: five toes, with
white claws on each foot.

. * Doflor Pallas.

Vol. II. H Color

50 W E E S E L.

Color. Color of the head and ears whitifli: whilkers (hort ami black:

whole body of a light tawny : feet brown. This feems to have
been one of the bleached kind before mentioned.

246. FssHER. Wr ^'"^'^ ^ black nofe: ftrong and ftiff whiikers : fix fmali
' "^ • weefel-like teeth above and below: fix large canine
teeth: four grinding teeth in each upper jaw; three fharp-
pointed, the fourth flat : in the lower jaws fix ; the laft flatted,
the next tridentated ; the next to thofe bidentated : ears broad
and round, dufky on their outfidcs, edged with white: face and
fides of the neck pale brown, or cinereous, mixed with black :
hairs on the back, belly, legs, and tail, black ; brownifli at their
bafe : fides brown : the feet very broad ; covered with hair even
on their foles : five toes on the fore feet-, generally Jour, but
fometimes five, on the hind feet; wiih fliarp, itrong, and crooked
white claws: fore legs Ihorier than thofe behind: tail full and
bulhy, fmalleft at the end, feventeen inches long : length, from
nofe to tail, twenty-eight inches.

Inhabits North America: notwithflanding its name, is not am-
phibious : preys on all forts of Icfler quadrupeds* : by the num-
• ber of Ikins imported, is not an uncommon animal; not lefs than
g^o being brought in one feafon from New Tork and Penfylvania:
feems to be the animal called by Jo[jelyn-\^ the Sable; which, he
fays, is perfedly black. I have feen many of the fkins, which
vary in color. Lev. Mus.

• By a letter from Mr. Pder Cellin/on, who received the account from Bartram,

ci Petijyl'vama.

W E E S E L.

fii

Le Vaiifire, De Bfffon, xiii. 167, tnh, x.\i. de la CefeJts, <ie Buffon, Siippl, vli, 3,^9, 247. Ma n A c as-
tab. iix. CAR.

"SKT ^^''tl^ flio''^ eai's: the hair on the whole bo.ly brown at the
' ' * roots, and barred above with black, and ferruginous: the
tail of the fame color: the length fron nofe to tail, about four-
teen inches; the tail, to the tip of the hairs at the end, near ten.
Inhabits Madagafcar.

Le Pekan. De BuffhuiXm. io\. tah.x\n. Schrelxr, cxxx'iv. Lev. Mus. 248. Peka:

TXT" with very long and ftrong whifkers: ears a little pointed:
' ^ • hair on the head, back, and belly, cinereous at the roots,
of a bright bay at the ends; very foft and glofly: on the fides is a
tinge of grey: between the fore-legs a white fpot: legs and tail
black : toes covered with thick hair, above and below : claws
(harp.

In form like a martin : its length, from nofe to tail, one foot
feven inches : the length of the trunk of the tail above ten ; and
the hairs extend an inch beyond.

Inhabits North /imerica : defcribed from a flcin.

Le Vifon. De Buffon, xiii, 308. tab. xliii.

TXT" with rounded ears: color of the hair brown, tinged with
' ' • tawny, very bright and glofly: beneath is a thick down,
cinereous tipt with ruft color: legs very (hort : tail duiky.

H 2 Length

249. ViSON.

52 W E E S E L.

Sizs. Length to the tail above feventeen inches : tail, to the extre*-

mity of the hairs, nine.
Place. Inhabits North America: defcribed from the fluffed fkins, in

1765, in the cabinet of M. Auhry, curate of Saint Louis, in Paris,
A fuller account of this and the preceding animal is defired.

250. Whjtf- WZ ^''^'^ rounded ears: broad and blunt nofe : dufky irides :

CHEEKED. Tf • head flat: face, crown, legs, rump, and tail, black : chin

and cheeks white : throat of a rich yellow : back and belly of a

pale yellow, intimately mixed with cinereous.

Sizt. Length, from nofe to tail, eighteen inches: tail of the fame

length, covered with long hair.

Defcribed from the living animal at Mr. Brooks's, April 1774*
Place unknown.

251. Grison. Le Grifon. De Buffbn, xvi. 169. tah- xxv. jiUauiand, v. 65. tab. viil. Schre-

htr, cxxiv.

with large head and eyes : (hort but broad ears : upper

• part of the body of a deep brown, each hair tipped with

white, which gives it a grey or hoary look ; from each fide of the

forehead extends a broad white line, pafling over the eyes, and

reaching as far as the Ihoulders : the nofe, throat, and whole un-

Sizs. ^^'^ ^^^ °f ^^ body, thighs, and legs, black.

Length, from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, feven
inches. By the figure, the tail is little more than half the length

o{ the body.

$ Inhabits

W E E S E L. 53

Inhabits Surinam, but is a very fcarce animal : firft defcribed
by Mr. Jllamand.

Galera, fubfufca, Cauda elongata, auribus Le Tayra, ou le Galera, De Buff<in,XM. 252. Gi.'ine'\.
fubnudis appreflis. Bro-wne's Jamaica, 155. Scireier, cx.xxv.

485. taL xlix,

TXT' witli the upper jaw much longer than the lower : eyes
^^ * placed mid-way between the ears and tip of the nofe:
cars like the human: tongue rough : tail declining downwards,
leffening towards the point: feet ftrong, and formed for digging:
(hape of the body like that of a rat ; fize of a fmall rabbet : of
a dufky color : the hair rough.

Inhabits Guinea: common about the negro fettlements; bur- Place.
rows like a rabbet: very fierce; if drove to neceffity will fly at
man or beaft : very deftrudive to poultry : feems to be the Kokeboe
of Bofffian *, which only differs in color, being red.

Muftela barbara. M. pedibus fiflis, atra, Muftela maxima atra mofcum redolenj. 353. Guiana.
collo fubtus macula alba triloba. Lin. Tayra, grofle Belette. Barrere France
fyji. 67. jEquin, 155.

"IT/ with round ears, covered with down : an afh-colored fpace
^^ * between the eyes : a trilobated fpot on the lower part of
the neck : fize of a martin : color black: hairs coarfe.

Inhabits Brajil and Guiana: when it rubs itfelf againfl; trees, PtAcr.
leaves behind an unduous matter, that fcents of muik.

• Htft, Guinea, 239.

W E E S E L.

254

Woolly. La petuc Fouine de la Gu'iane. Dc Buffoi, Suppl, iii. 162. tab. xxiv.

J witli a long {lender nofe: upper jaw longer than the
lower: ears very iliort and lound: body covered with
woolly hair: tail taper, ending in a point, between eight and nine
inches long: body," from nol'e to tail, between fifteen and fixteer*.
M. de Buffon does not mention the color; by his figure the
belly feenns white. He fays it inhabits Guiana. 1 am doubtful
whether it is not one of the above fpecies.

255. Ichneumon.

Xyjtv/wv. Ar':llot. hift. An lih. ix. c. 6. Meles Ichneumon digitis mediis longio-

Qpl'ian l.^r.e^. iii. 407. ribus, lat.ralibus a:-.|ua!ibus, unguibus

Ichneumon, llinii lih.vM. cri^^. fiibuniformibus. tuijjilqutjl itin. iqi.

L'lchi'.eumon, que les Egyptiens nom- Ichiieumuii : 'yi^ii PhuraoniiwAgo.Bri/^

merit Rut* de Pharaon. Beunobj. 95. Jon quad. ifcl.

Portrait!, C6. Prjp./tlp- i. zi^^.Cef- Viveira Ichneumon. V. Cauda e bafi in-

tier quad. 566. Rait J]n. q„ad. 202. craflata fsnfim attenuata, pollicibusre-

Shaiju's Tra-veli, 24',, 376. motiufculis, Lin.JyJi.b-^.Schreber, cxvi,

Muftela il,gypciaca. Klein quad. 6 j^, A. Lev. Mus.

g. Indian. Quil, vel Quirpele. Garr/a Seb. Muf. i 6(>. ta^-xW.Jig. i.

Arom.2\^. Paii lyn- quad. 197. La Mangoufte. De Bff(n,x\\i. 1.^0. tab.

Viverra MiiPgo. Knmpjer -imcen- <^-]i,. xix. Le Nems, torn. xvi. 14. tab.

• De Mongkob. ^a/c></)« j^".^-/«. iii. xxvii.

SerpenticidafiveN.uncu? Kmn-hherb. Viverra indica. V. ex gr'feo rufefcens,

Amlo n. Aji; . 69. tai'. xxviii BrJ/on qu:,d. 177. Raii/yi. quad. 198.

Indian Ichneumon. £<<'w. 199. Schreber, cxvi. Lev. Mus.
Ichneumon feu vulpecula Ceilonica.

with bright flame-colored eyes: fmall rounded ears, aU

• moft naked: nofe long and flender: body thicker than

• The Egyptians never ftyle it Pbar, Or Moufe, but Nems, or Ferret, from its
resemblance to that animal. Hajfelquijt, 1 96. This Forjkal confirms, p. 1 1 1 .

8 that

\V E E S E L.

that of others of this genus: tail very thick at the bafe, tapering
to a point: legs fliort ; the hair is hard and coarfe: color various
in different animals, from different countries; in fome alternately
barred with dull yellowifh brown and white; in others, pale
brown and moufe-coloured ; fo that the animal appears mottled :
throat and belly of a uniform brown : beneath the tail is an ori-
fice not unlike that of a badger.

The fpecimen in the AJJnnolean Mufeum was thirteen inches and
a half long to the origin of the rail ; the tail eleven : the jEgxp-
//a?2 variety is the largt ft. Some are forty-two inches long from
the nofe to the extremity of the tail. M. de Buffon gives the
figure of one in the xxvith plate of his Supplement, vol. iii. un-
der the name of La Grande Mangottfte: the tail is longer, and
more {lender than that of the common kind, and the hair uni-
verfally more broken and coarfer.

Inhabits j^gypt, Barbary, India, and its ijlands: a mod iifeful
animal ; being an inveterate enemy to the ferpents and other
noxious reptiles which infeft the torrid zone: attacks without
dread that mod fatal of ferpents the Naja, or Cobra di Capello ;
and fhould it receive a wound in the combat, inftantly retires;
and is faid to obtain* an antidote from a certain herb; after

which

• A faft, as yet, not well eftablifhed : Botanifls are not yet agreed about the
fpecies of this fanative plant, whofe ufe, it is pretended, this wcefel pointed out
to mankind : thofe who have feen the combats between the Ichneumon and Naia,
never could difcover it : Kamffcr, a writer of the firft authority, who vifited
India, and who had a tame Ichneumon, and been witnefs to its battles with the
ferpent, fays no more than that it retired and eat the roots of any herb it met
with. It is from the Indians he received the account of the root, whofe veracity

56 W E E S E L.

which It returns to the attack, and feldom fails of vidtory. Is a
great deftroyer of the eggs of crocodiles, which it digs out of
the fand ; and even kills multitudes of the young of thofe terrible
reptiles-, it was not therefore without reafon, that the antient
^Egyptians ranked the Ichneumon among their Deities : is at pre-
fent domefticated, and kept in houfes in India and in ^gypt; for
it is more ufeful than a cat, in deftroying rats and mice: grows
very tame: is very adlive; fprings with great agility on its prey;
will glide along the ground like a ferpent, and feems as if with-
out feet: fits up like a fquirrel, and eats with its fore feet:
catches any thing that is flung to it: is a great enemy to poultry:
will feign itfelf dead till they come within reach : loves fifh :
draws its prey, after fucking the blood, to its hole: its excre-
ments very foetid : when it fleeps, brings its head and tail under
its bell)', appearing like a round ball, with two legs flicking out.
Rumpbiiis obferves how ikilfully it feizes the ferpents by the throat,
fo as to avoid receiving any injury : and Lucan beautifully de-
he fpeaks moft contemptuoufly of. Amosn. Exot. 576. Rumphsus never faw the
plant growing; but defcribes it from a fpecimen fent him from Java; for he
fays the Indians would perfuade him that it had no leaves. Vide Herb. Amboin.
App. 71. All that feems certain is, that the Indians have a plant, of whofe
alexipharmic virtues they have a high opinion, and are faid to ufe it with fuccefs
againfl the dreadful macnffar poifon, and the bite of ferpents. Ktmpfer fays he
had good fuccefs with one fpecies, in putrid fev?rs, and found it infallible for the
bite of a mad dog. As there is no doubt but a moft ufeful plant of this nature
does exift in the Indies, it is to be hoped that ftridl enquiry will be made after it.
In order to direfl their fearches, they are referred to

Garcia ab Htrlo Hiji, Aromatum in Clus. Exot. 214.
Kampfcr Amcefi. Exot. 573. Rumph. Herb. Amboin. App. 25,
Aman, Acad. ii. 89. Flora Zeylanictt, 46. 190, 239.

fcribcs

VV E E S E L. 57

Icribes the fame addrefs of this animal, in conquering the Egyp-
tian Afp.

AJpidas tit Pharias cauda filer t'lor hojlis

Ludit, tt irata! incerta frcvocat umbra :

Obliquanfque caput 'vanai ferfentis in auras

Effufa toto comprendit guttura rmrfu

L'.lifiram citra fanlem : tunc Writa ftftis

Exprimitur, fauce/quejluunt pereunle 'vencno. Lib, Iv. 724,

Thus oft' th' Ithneumon, on the banks of Nile,

Invades the deadly J/pic by a wile ;

While artfully his flender tail is play'd.

The ferpent darts upon the dancing fliade ;

Then turning on the foe with fvvift furprize.

Full on the throat the nimble feizer flies :

The gaping fnake expires beneath the wound, ^

His gufhing jaws with poifonous floods abound, i

And Ihed the fruitlefs mifchief on the ground. J

ROWE.

Gm. Lin, 85. 256. CafrE.

WT ^^"'^ ^ovt hairy ears : hairs on the body ftiining, rude,
^^ * mixed with yellow, black, and brown : tail grows gradually
more flender from the bafe, tip black.
Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope,

LeSurlkate. De Buffon, xm, ji.tab.vm, Sthreher, zwiu Miller^s plates, xx. 257. Four-toed.

\KT with a very (harp-pointed nofe: head depreffed: cheeks

'" • inflated: upper jaw much longer than the lower; tip

Vol. II. I black:

5S W E E S E L.

black: whifkers black, arifing from warty tubera : irides dufkyt
region about the eyes black : ears fmall, rounded, black, lying
clofe to the head.

Tongue oblong, blunt, aculeated backwards.
Six fmall incifores; two long canine in each jaw, and five
grinders on each fide.

Back very broad, and a little convex : belly broad and flat.
Legs fliort: feet finall, naked at the bottom ; four toes on
each: the claws on the fore feet long, like thofe of the badger;
on the hind feet (hort.

Color of the hairs brown near the bottom ; black near the ends,
and hoary at the points ; thofe on the back undulated : infide of
the legs yellowifti brown : tail tufted with black.

Length from nofe to tail eleven inches ; of tail eight : the lafl
thick at the bafe, ending pretty abrupt.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, where it is called Meer-rat :
feeds on flelh; preys on mice; is a great enemy to Blatta : is al-
ways making a grunting noife: is much in motion: fits quite
erccl, dropping its fore legs on its breaft, and moving its head
with great eafe, as if on a pivot, and appearing as if it liftened, or
had juft fpied fomething new. When pleafed, it makes a rattling
noife with its tail, for which rcafon the Dutch at the Cape call it
Klapper-maus* . It is alfo found in Java, where the Javanefe
ftyle it Ji'pe\ the Dutch, Suracatje*. The animal which I ex-
amined was brought alive from the Cape. Well engraven in
Miller's plates, tab, xx.

* Fallal MifceL Zool. 59, 60.

Yellow

\xv.

S/J.

'%r//r»r '/l,,,,r/

■z^&.

W E E S E L:

Yellow maucauco. ^«. quad. No. io8. Viverra caudivolvola. 5c,5«^.r, tab. xlii. 258. Yellow.

\KT ^^'^^^ ^ ^o\t duiky nofc; fmall eyes: ears fhort, broad,
* ' , and flapping, and placed at a great diftance from each,
other: head flat and broad: cheeks fwelling out: tongue very
long: legs and thighs fliort, and very thick : five toes to each
foot, feparated and fl:anding all forward: claws large, a little
booked, and of a flefli-color.

The hairs fhort, foft, gloflTy, clofely fet together: on the head,
back, and fides a mixture of yellow and black: cheeks, infide
of the legs, and the belly, yellow : half way down the middle of
the belly is a broad dufky lifl-, ending at the tail; and another
from the head along the middle of the back to the tail: tail of a
bright tawny, mixed with black; is round, and has the fame
prehenfile faculty as fome of the monkies have : length from the
nofe to the tail nineteen inches; of the tail feventeen.

It was very good-natured and tporiive; would catch hold of Manners.
any thing with its tail, and fufpend itfelf : lay with its head un-
der its legs and belly.

Shewn about twelve years ago in London: its keeper faid it Place.
came from the mountains of Jamaica, and called it a Potto, the
name given by fome writers to a fpecies of Sloth found in Guinea*
Lev. Mus.

I2 Le

6o W E E S E L.

Le Kinkajou. De Bujiit, xvi. 244. tab. I.

259. Mexican. W/" with a ihort duiky nofe: tongue of a vaft length: fmall

' ' • eyes, encircled with dufky: ears fhort and rounded,

and placed very diftant: the hairs fhort; on the head, upper part

of the body, and the tail, the colors are yellow, grey, and black

intermixed : the fides of the throat, and under fide, and the infides

of the legs, of a lively yellow : the belly of a dirty white, tinged

with yellow.

The toes feparated : the claws crooked, white, guttered beneath.

Sizt, The length from head to tail two feet five (French); of the

tail, one foot three : the tail is taper, covered with hair, except

beneath, near the end, which is naked, and of a fine flelh-color.

It is extremely like the former; but larger in all its parts.

Manneks. Like the former, it has a prehenfile tail, and is naturally very

good-natured : goes to fieep at approach of day ; wakes towards

night, and becomes very lively: makes ufe of its feet to catch at

any thing: has many of the aclions of a monkey: eats like a

fquirrel, holding the food in its hands: has variety of cries during

• night; one like the low barking of a dog: its plantive note is

cooing; its menacing, hiffing; its angry, confufed.

Is very fond of fugar, and all fweet things: eats fruits, and
all kinds of vegetables: will fly at poultry, catch them under
the wing, fiick the blood, and leave them without tearing them:
prefers a duck to a pullet ; yet hates the water.

M. de Buffon calls this animal le Kinkajou, after a defcription

(given

LX\T.

6).

ti/'JrKr.u//'-/ /I ///-e.j^/^ . \ . z 6f/

W E E S E L. 6i

(given by M. Dennis) of one of that name found in N. America^
defcribed alfo by Charlevoix, under the name of Carcajou ; both
which, in faft, are the fame as my Puma, N° 189. M. Dennis
gives it the fame manners; adds, that it climbs trees, watches
the approach of the moofe, falls on, and foon deftroys it. He
fays, he loll a heifer by one of thofe animals, which at once eat
through its neck; but the quadruped in queftion never could have
the powers attributed to fo ferocious a creature. This therefore
is new, and by form and manners a proper concomitant of the
animal laft defcribed.

This animal was brought to Paris from New Spain, and lived
there two or three years. It is a very diftind fpecies from the
former, of which M. de Buffon gives a very indifferent figure,
taken froi^Ti the animal I defcribe.

Coati. Marcgrave Brafil. 228. De Laef, lata. Lin.fyji. 64. 2gQ_ BraSILIAK.

486. Rail Jyn.quati. i%o, Klein quad. Urfus nafo produfto et moblli, Cauda an-

72. nulatim variegata. BriJJhn quad. \()o.

Vulpes minor, roftrofuperiorelongiufcu- Le Coati brun. De Buffon, viii. 358. /«^.

lo, Cauda annulatim ex nigro et rufo xlviii. Scbreber, cxviii.

variegata. Quachy. Barrere France "B&AgtT oi Guiana, Bancroft, 141. Lev,

jEquin. 167. Mos.

Viverra nafua. V. rufa, cauda albo annu-

TX7 with the upper jaw lengthened into a pliant, moveable
' ' • probofcis, much longer than the lower jaw : ears round-
ed : eyes fmall ; nofe dufky : hair on the body fmooth, fofr, and
gloffy, of a bright bay color : tail annulated with dufky and bay :
breaft whitilh: length, from nofe to tail, eighteen inches; tail,
thirteen.

4 p. Dusky.

62 VV E E S E L.

/5. Dusky. Nofe and ears formed like the preceding: above
and beneath the eye two fpots of white : hair on the back
and fides dufky at the roots, black in the middle, and tipt
with yellow: chin, throat, fides of the cheeks, and belly,
yellowilh: feet black; tail annulated with black and white;
fometimes the tail is of an uniform duiky color *. he Coati noiatre
of M. de Buffon, tab. xlvii. Schrekr, cxix. The Coati-mondi of
Marcgrave.

Inhabits Brqfil and Guiarm: feeds on fruits, eggs, and poultry:
runs up trees very nimbly: eats like a dog, holding its food be-
tween its fore-legs: is eafily made tame: is very good-natured :
makes a fort of whiftling noife: feems much inclined to fleep in
the day. Marcgrave obferves, that ihey are very fubjedt to gnaw
their own tails.

261 StiILINC Yzquiepatl. Hfy«fl«(/£2 3/fA;. 332. Rait tab.xVa.

/yn. quad. 181. Klein quad, J I. Le Coafe. De Buffon? xiii. 2S8. tab.
Meles Surinatnenfis. Briffon quad. 185. xxxviii. Scbrder, cxx.

Ichneumon de Yzquiepatl. Seb. Muf. \.

Wwith a ihort {lender nofe: fhort ears and legs: black
• body, full of hair : tail long, of a black and white
color: length, from nofe to tail, about eighteen inches.

Inhabits Mexico, and perhaps other parts of America. This,
and the four following fpecies, remarkable for the peftiferous,

* Defcribed as a diftinft fpecies by Linnaus, under the title of 'vi'verra Narica.
V . fubfu/ca, Cauda unicolore, 64, and by M. Briffon, under that oiUr/us nafo produSlo
tt mobili, Cauda unicoUre, 190.

fuffocating

W E E S E L. _ 63

fuffocating and moft foetid vapour they emit from behind,
when attacked, purfued, or frightened : it is their only means of
defence: fome turn* their tail to their enemy, and keep them
at a diftance by a frequent crepitus; and others ejaculate their
urine, tainted with the horrid effluvia, to the diftance of eighteen
feet : the purfuers are flopped by the terrible flench : fhould
any of this liquid fall into the eyes, it almoft occafions blind-
nefs ; if on the cloaths, the fmell will remain for feveral days,
in fpite of all wafhing; they muft even be buried in frefh foil, in
order to be fweetened. Dogs that are not true bred, run back
as foon as they perceive the fmell; thofe that have been ufed to
it, will kill the animal; but are often obliged to relieve them-
felves by thrufting their nofes into the ground. There Is no
bearing the company of a dog that has killed one, for feveral
days.

Profeflbr Kalm was one night in great danger of being fuffo-
cated by one that was purfued into a houfe where he flept ; and
it affeifted the cattle fo, that they bellowed through pain. Ano-
ther, which was killed by a maid-fervant in a cellar, fo affeded
her with its flench, that fhe lay ill for feveral days: all the pro-
vifions that were in the place were fo tainted, that the owner
was obliged to throw them away.

Notwithftanding this, the flefli is reckoned good meat, and
not unlike that of a pig: but it muft be ikinned as foon as kill-
ed, and the bladder taken carefully out. The Firginian fpecieSj

* Woocfs vcj. in Dampigr, iv. 96 j the reft of the account is taken from Caief-
hy and Kalm,

g.^ \V E E S E L.

or Jkunk, is capable of being tamed, and will follow its niaftcr
like a dog: it never emits its vapour, except terrified.

It breeds in hollow trees, or holes under ground, or in clefts
of rocks : climbs trees with great agility : kills poultry, eats
eggs, and deftroys young birds.

262. Striated. Pole-cat, or Skunk. Laixifin Carolina. VIverra putorius. V. fufca lineis qua-

Pole-cat. Cattjby Carolina, ii. tuor dorfalibus parallelis albis. Lin,

Muftela Americana foetida. Klein quad. fsft. 64.

64. Le Conepate. De Buffen, xiii. 288. tab.

Muftela nigra tsniis in dorfo albis. xl. Schreber,C}i.xa.

BriJJbn quad. 18 1.

\KT ^'""^^ rounded ears: head, neck, belly, legs, and tail,
' '^ • black : the back and fides marked with five parallel
white lines : one on the top of the back ; the others on each
fide: the fecond extends fome way up the tail, which is long
and bufliy towards the end: fize of an European Pole-cat; the
back more arched: varies in the difpofition of the ftripes.

Inhabits N. America: when attacked, briftles up its hair, and
flings its body into a round form; its vapour horrid. Du Pratz
fays, that the male of the Pole-cat, or Skunk, is of a fhining black:
perhaps the Goafe of M. de Btiffon is the male ; for his defcrip-
tion does not agree with the Tzquiepatl, which he makes fynor
oymous.

Chinche.

W E E S E L.

<;hinche. FeuUlee olf. Peru, 1714,/*. 272. -zj/v Nowv. France, v. 196. j5-_ Skukk,

Skunk, Fifkatta. Kalm's 'voy. Former's Le Cmnciie. De Buffon, xiii. 294. tah.

tr. i. 273. tab, ii. JoJJilyn'i -voy. 8j, xxxix. Cchreber, cxxi. Lev. Mus.

Enfant du Diable, Bete puante. Cbarle-

\RT ^'^^ ^oxt rounded ears: black cheeks: a white ftripe
'" • from the nofe, between the ears, to the back: upper
part of the neck, and the whole back, white ; divided at the bot-
tom by a black line, commencing at the tail, and paffing a little
way up the back: belly and legs black: tail very full of long
coarfe hair; generally black, fometimes tipt with white, and
fometimes wholly white *, that figured by M. de Buffon entirely
white: nails on all the feet very long, like thofe on the fore-feet
of a badger. Rather lefs than the former.

Inhabits Peru, and N, America, as far as Canada: of the lame
manners and flench with the others.

Viverra Cinehe. Mslwa Chili. 260, ./• ^.

° ' 204* ClNQHE.

\KT ^^'^ black hair, changeable into blue : along the back a
* ' • bed of white round fpots from head to tail : head long :
ears large, well covered with hair, and pendulous : hind legs lon-
ger than the fore.

Inhabits Chili: carries its head low: back arched; which it

* Dt la Ctpidet de Buffin, Suppl. torn, vii, p. 333. tab, Ivii.

Vol. II. K generally

66 W E E S E L.

generally covers with its bufhy tail, like the fqulrrel; digs holes
in the ground, in which it hides its young.
Manners^ In manners and food agrees with the Stifling; and its dreadful

llench. Molina denies that the fmell comes from the urine, but
from a greenifli oil coming from a bladder feated near the anus,
from which it ejefts the fetid liquor. The Indies value the lkins>
highly, and ufe them as coverlets for their beds..

265;. ZoRRiJiA. Annas oi the Indians, Zorrinas of the Mariputa, Mafutiliqui. Cumilla Ore*
Spaniards. GarcilaJJi de la Vega, naque, iii. 240. De Buffon, Scbreber,

331. cxxiii..

WT ^^'^^ '■^^ ^^^^ ^""^ ^^^^^ marked with fhort ftripes of
^^ • black and white; the laft tinged with yellow:, tail
• long and bulliy ; part white, part black : legs and belly black.
Lefs than the preceding.

Inhabits^ Peru, ajid other parts of S. America : its peftilential
vapour overcomes even the panther of A/uerica^ and ftupefics that
formidable enemy.

ii>6. Ratel. Viverra Ratel. Sparmai Slock. Wetij'k. Stlnlc-lringfem. Kolben,X\. 133.

Hondl. 1777, 148. tab. iv. Blaiieau puant. Voy. de la Caille, 182.

"1X7 with a blunt black nofe: no external ears; in their place,
only a fmall rim round the orifice : tongue rough : legs
fhort: claws very long: ftrait, like thofe of a badger, and gut-
tered beneath : color of the forehead, crown, and whole upper
part of the body, of a cinereous grey :. cheeks, and fpace round

tlie

W E E S E L.

the ears, throat, breafl, belly, and limbs, black : from each ear
to the tail extends along the fides a duiky line, leaving beneath
another of grey.

Length from nofe to tail forty inches: of the tail, twelve: Size.

fore claws, an inch and three quarters long: hind claws one
inch.

Inhabits tlie Cape oi Good Hope; lives on honey, and is a great Place.

enemy to bees, which in that country ufually inhabit the deferted
burrows of the jEthiopian boar, the porcupine, jackals, and
other animals: preys in the evening: afcends to the highert parts Manners
of the deferts to look about, and will then put one foot be-
fore its eyes, to prevent the dazzling of the fun. The reafon of
its going to an eminence, is for the fake of feeing or hearing
the honey-guide cuckoo*, which lives on bees, and, as it were,
condufts it to their haunts : the Hottentots profit of the fame
guide. This animal cannot climb; but when he finds the bees
lodged in trees, through rage at the difappointment, will bite
the bark from the bottoms : by this fign aifo, the Hottentots know
that there is a nefl of bees above.

The hair is very flifF, and the hide fo tough, probably formed
fo by nature, as a defence againfl the fling of bees, that it is not
eafily killed. It makes a flout refiftance by biting and fcratch-
ing, and the dogs cannot faflen on its fkin. A pack which could
tear a middle-fized lion to pieces, can make no impreflion on the

• A new fpecies, very fond of honey, which by its noife diredls men, as well as
this heart, to the bees nell. Sparman, in Phil. Tranf. Ixvii. 43.

K 2 hide

65 W E E S E L.

hide of this beaft : by worrying, they will leave it for dead, yet
without infli(fling on it any wounds.

This feems to be tht Stlnk-bingfem oi Kolben., a.nd Blajrean-ptmni
oiLaCaille, which they brand for the horrible flench which it
emits from behind, by breaking wind; but the Abbe fays, it
quickly difcharges the noifome air. Mr. Sparman is filent in re-
fpeft to this circumftance. The Hoitentots call it Ratel.

367. Mariputo,

Viverra Mariputo. Gm. Lin. 8^.

of a black color, with a white bed, reaching from the fore^
• head to the middle of the back : no ears : length twenty
inches ; tail nine.

Obferved by Mutis in New Spain, about the mines of Pamplma:
fleeps in the day: forms deep boroughs: wanders about in the
night : feeds on worms and infeSis : is very fwift.

a68. Cetion; G«.Z/«.%

above grey, mixed with dufky : below white. Size of the
martin.

Inhabits the Philippine ifles and CeyhH.

G!».

W E E S E L.

White's Bat. Bay, 1^1.

W with long ears ere(5t : color brown ; lightefton the tail: tail
* about the length of the body, covered with long hairs, and
ending in a point: fize of a rat.

Inhabits New Holland. According to Mr. Winter defcription the
teeth are fo anomalous as to render it difficult to reduce this animal
to any genus.

White's

^'"•^'''•90- J6g. Herma.

PHRODITE,

TT7 with three dulky lines along the back; tail longer than
* " , the body, with the tip black.
Inhabits Barbary. Defcribed by Pallas.

Cook's frjl 'voy.va, 6z(i. Martin-cat. Stocidale's Bot. Bay, 176. 2-0. Quoll

TT7 with fhort rounded ears: color black; marked with oblong
' "^ * fpots on the body, neck, and tail; belly of a pure white:
length from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the tail, eighteen
inches : tail tapers elegantly to a point, and is about the fame length
as the body.

Inhabits the fVeJlern fide of Nezv Holland.

271. Tapoa
Tafa^

VV E E S E L.

Z72. SpOTTfO

Tafa.

White's Bet. Bay, iSj.

'TpHIS, according to Mr. fVhite's account and figure, differs

from the former only in having the body and fides marked

with irregular white fpots : tail plain.

473. MviKY. Wr ^''^^ rio{e, lower part of the cheeks, legs, and end of the
' ' • tail, black: on the middle of the cheeks is a white fpot: body
cinereous, dafhed with yellow : fome obfcure du/ky lines and fpots
mark the body and lower part of the tail.

Inhabits Bengal: fmells of mufk. Sir Elijah Impey,

274. Civet, La Civette qu'on nommohanciennement

Hysna. Belon obf. 94.
Zibettus. Caii opufc. 43.
Felis Zibethus. Ge/ner quad. 837.
Animal Zibethicum, mafc. et foem.^ifr-

nandex Mex. 580, 581.
Civet Cat. Rail Jyn. quad. 178.
Coati Civetta vulgo. Klein quad- 73.

Meles fafciis et maculis albis nigris et

rufefcentibus variegata. Brijfon quad,

186.
Viverra Zibetha. V. cauda annulata, dor-

fo cinereo nigroque undatim ftriato.

Lin.fyji. 65.
LaCivette. DeBuffen, ix. 299. tab. xxxiv.

Schrder, cxi. Lev. M us.

WT ^ '^"-^ ^°''^ rounded ears : fky-blue eyes : fharp nofe ; the

' * • tip black: fides of the face, chin, breaft, legs, and

feet black; the reft of the face, and part of the fides of the

neck, white, tinged with yellow : from each ear are three black

4 ftripes,

W E E S E L.

ftripes, ending at the throat and fhoulders : the back 'and fides
cinereouSj tinged with yellow, marked with large dufky fpots
difpofed in rows: the hair coarfe; that on the top of the body
longeft, ftanding up like a maner the tail fometimes wholly
black; fometimes fpotted near the bafe: length, from nofe to
tail, about two feet three inches; the tail fourteen inches: the
body pretty thick.

Inhabits Lidla*, the Philippine ifles-j-, Guinea X> Ethiopia \\, Place.

and Madagafcar ^ : the famous drug mujk, or civet, is produced
from an aperture between the privities and the anus, in both
fexes, fecreted from certain glands. The perfons who keep
them, procure the mufk by fcraping the infide of this bag twice a
week with an iron fpatula, and get about a dram each time ; but
it Is feldom fold pure, being generally mixed with fuet or oil, xo-
make it more weighty: the males yield the mofl;; efpecially
when they are previoufly irritated. They are fed, when young,
with pap made of millet, with a little flefli or fifh; when old,
with raw flefh : in a wild ftate prey on fowl.

* De/Un's 'vey.Sz. f Jrgen/ola, ui, X Be/man, 21%, Barbot. i\^.

^ RawwolfsTra'vels/n.ifil. § Flacourt'j MaJaga/car, i^^; where it is called
Falaneuc,

ZlB£T.

7«

W E E S E l;

37;. ^ Zibet. Animal Zibethicum Americanum. Her- Le Zibet. De Bufftm, 299. tah, xxxi,

nawfl'fz iT/e;ir. 538. 5f ^rfi<r, Cxii,

Fells Zlbethus. Gejner quad. 836.

Wwith fhort rounded ears : fharp long nofe : pale cinere-
• ous face: head, and lower part of the neck, mixed
with dirty white, brown, and black; fides of the neck marked
with ftripes of black, beginning near the ears, and ending at the
breaft and flioulders : from the middle of the neck, along the
ridge of the back, extends a black line, reaching fome way up the
tail : on each fide are two others : the fides fpotted with a(h-
color and black : the tail barred with black and white ; the black
i bars broader on the upper fide than the lower.

A variety firft diftinguiftied from the other by M. de Buffon;
but figured long before by Hernandez and Gefner : unknown in
Mexico*, till introduced there from the Philippine ifles. Thefe
animals feem not to be known to the antients.

,^ Musk. \\T ^''^^ ^^^ upper part of the body cinereous, daflied with

' ^ • yellow, and marked with fome obfcure dufky lines :

nofe, part of the cheeks, legs, and end of the tail, black; on the

middle of the cheeks is a white fpot.

Pj^^ce. Inhabits Bengal: has a very flrong muiky fcent: defcribed from

a drawing in Sir Elijah Impefs coUedion.

• Hernandez Nov, Hi/p, ii.

VV E E S E L. 73

SoHiieratfVoy.u. 144. tab. xci. ' 277- Malacca,

Civet,

\XT with a long nofe : fliort ereft ears: the ground-color of
* '^ • the whole animal perlaceous grey: face black: above
each eye four black fpots: from the hind part of the head are
three black lines; one paffes down the hind part of the neck and
one down each fide of the neck, and over part of the Moulders :
from the bread: another extends along the middle of the belly;
three others begin at the fmall of the back, and reach to the tail :
on the body and thighs are forty-one round black fpots : the tail
annulated with black and grey: legs and feet black: fize of a
common cat.

This animal lives by the chace : leaps with great agility from Makners.
tree to tree: is very fierce : emits a ftrong mufky fmell, produced
from a liquor which exudes from an orifice above the parts of
generation. The Malayes coUeft it, and pretend that it flrength-
ens the ftomach, and excites to love. The Chinefe efteem it highly
on account of the laft quality -, and buy it from the Malayes. In-
habits the peninfula oi. Malacca,

Vol. II. L La

W E E S E L.

278. Genet. La Genette. Beknolf.-]\. 186.

Genetha. Gejner quad. 549,550. ViverraGenetta. V. Cauda annulata, cor-

Gcnetta vel Ginetta. ^a/7 _/)'«. ya^^. 201. pore fulvo-nigricante maculato. Lin.

Coati, ginetta Hifpanis. Klsin quad. 73. Jyft. 65.

Muftela Cauda ex annulis akernatim al- La Genette. De Buff:n, ix. 343. tab,

bidis et nigris variegata. Brijfon quad. y.:f.y.y\. Schreber , zyi\\\. Lev. Mus.

with ears a little pointed : llender body : very long tail :
color of the body a pale tawny, fpotced with black ; and
the ridge of the back marked with a black line: the tail annu-
lated with black and tawny : feet black : fometinies the ground
color of the hair inclines to grey : about the fize of a martin ; but
the fur is fhorter.
Place. Inhabits "Turkv, Syria, and Spain; frequents the banks of

rivers ; fmells of muik, and, like the civet, has an orifice beneath
the tail: is kept tame in the houfes at Conjtantinopk, and is as ufcful
as a cat in catching mice.

270. PiLOSELLO. La Genette </i; la France, de Birffhn, Suppl. iii. tab. xlvil, p. 236,

with nofe of a deep brown : face and chin cinereous : a
• dark line up the forehead: under fide of the neck
cinereous, mixed with ruft : back and whole body of the fame
color, varied with irregular black fpots : outfide of the hind legs
and thighs dufky: foles of the feet and upper part down to the
claws, cloathed with down: tail tawny, annuhited with black.
Leffer than the common ferret.

Inhabits

.XVI.. \

' ■^'g'^a. 9?r ^\. zso .

W E E S E L. 75

Inhabits the rock of Gibraltar, and the mountains oiRonda:
called by the Spaniards Pilofelio; found alfo in Frame, After the fa-
mous vidlory near Tours, gamed over the Sarace/is in 726 by Charles
]\far!el, luch quantities of rich garments, made of the ikins of thefe
animals, were found, as to give occafion to the hero to eftablifli
an order of knighthood called L'Ordre de la Genette. On the firfl:
inflitution there were fixteen knights; among them were the mod
illuftrious princes of the time. Alariel himfelf was the fovereign.
The collar confided ot the chains of gold, mixed with enamelled
rofes of red ; pendent was a genet of gold, enamelled with black
and red. The order continued during the fecond race of kings. It
is faid to have given way afterwards to the Order of the Star.

La FofTane. De Buffm, xiii. 163. tah. xx. Schreher, cxiv. Lev. Mus. 280. Fossane,

with a flcnder body : rounded ears : black eyes : body
' and legs covered with cinereous hair, mixed with
tawny : from the hind part of the head, towards the back and
Ihoulders, extend four black lines: the whole under fide of the
body of a dirty white : tail femi-annulated.

Inhabits Ahdagafear, and Guinea, Bengal, Cochin-china, and the Place,

Philippine ifles : is fierce, and hard to be earned : in Guinea is called
Berbe; by the Europeans, Wine-bibber, being very greedy of
Palm wine -^ : deftroys poultry: is, when young, reckoned very
oood to eat +.

o '

* Bo/mart, 239.

■f Flacourt hijl, Madaga/car, 5 1 2 j \\here it is called Tojfa.

L 2 - The

76 W E E S E L.

The fpecimen in the Lever'um Mufeum differed in fo many re-
fpefts, tliat i: is neceffary to give a full defciiption of it.

W. with a white fpot on each fide of the nofe, and another
beneath each eye : the reft of the nofe, cheeks, and throat, black :
ears very large, upright, rounded, thin, naked, and black: fore-
head, fide^, liiighs, rump, and upper part of the legs, cinereous:
on the back are rnany long black hairs: on the ihoulders, fides,
and rump are difperfed fome black fpots : tail black towards the
end; near the bafe mixed with tawny, and flighcly annulaicd
with black: feet black: claws white.

Size of the Genet, to which it bears a great rcfemblance:
tail of the length of the body.

Six

OTTER. 77

Six cutting teeth, two canine, in each jaw. XXIV. OTTER.

Five toes on each foot ; each toe connedted by a flrong
web.

281. Greater.

Lutra. Jgricol^ An. Subter. 482. Gc/mr fyp. 66. Utter. ?au^. fuec. No. 12.

quad. 687. Raiifyn. quad. 187. Lutia caftanei coloris. B-iJpnquad. 201.

Wydra, RzecziKjki Pokn. 221. Le Loutre. Beion Ajunt. 26. De B-ffon,

Otter. Klein quad. 91. vii. 134. tab. xi. Schreber, cxxvi. A. B.

MuftelaLutra. M . plantis palmatisnudis. Otter. Br. Zool. i. N° 1 9. Br. Zooi. illujir,

Cauda corpore dimidio breviore. Lin. tab. c. Lev. Mus.

/~\ with fliort ears: eyes placed near the nofe: lips thick:
^^* whlflters large: the color a deep brown, except two
fmall fpots each fide the nofe, and another beneath the chin :
the throat and bread cinereous : legs fliort and thick, and loofely
joined to the body; capable of being brought on a line with the
body, and performing the part of fins; each toe connecfled to
the other by a broad ftrong web.

The ufual length, from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the Size.

tail, is twenty-three inches; of the tail fixteen: the weight of the
male otter, from eighteen to twenty-fix pounds; of the female,
from thirteen to twenty-two. Mr. Ives fays that the otters of the
Euphrates are no larger than the common cat.

, Inhabits all parts of Europe, N. and N. E. of JJia, even as far Place.

as Kamtfchatka ; is found in none of the Aleutian or Fox IJlands,
except in the eafternmoft, which are luppofed to be near to the new
world : is found in CZv7i*; abounds in North America, particularly

* Molina, 253.

5 in

-t4^*

OTTER.

in Canada, where the moft valuable furs of this kind are produced :
dwells in the banks of rivers ; burrows, forming the entrance of its
hole beneath the water ; works upwards towards the fuiface of the
earth, and makes a fmall orifice, or air-hole, in the midft of
fome bufli : is a cleanly animal, and depofits its excrements in only
one place : fwims and dives with great eafe; very deflruiMve to
fifh; if they fail, makes excurfions on land, and preys on lambs
and poultry. Sometimes breeds in finks and drains ; brings four
or five young at a time : hunts its prey againft the fi:ream : fre-
quents not only frefli waters, but fometimes preys in the fea;
but not remote from fliore: will give a fort of loud whiftle by
way of fignal to one another * : is a fierce animal ; its bite hard
and dangerous : is capable of being tamed, to follow its mafter
like a dog, and even to fifh for him, and return with its prey.
The Liiicix of Jyijo/kf; pofllbly a large variety of Otter ;[:.

Siya

• Leonard Baldner, iii. 139. iig. This was the perfon whom yir.lViUughhy
calls a fifherman on the Rhine, of whom, on his travels in 1663, he bought a
moll beautiful and accurate colledion of drawings of birds, iilh, and a few
beafts, frequenting that great x'wet zhoat Stra^owg, of which <My Leonard ^iXe^
himfelf, fifherman and burgher. The work is dated in 1653. If I may judge
from the elegance of his drefs, in the portrait prefixed to the firll volume, it
fhould appear that he was a perfon of confiderable wealth. A German MS.
defcription is placed oppofite to each drawing. This valuable work is row in
the pofTeffion of Edward King, £/j; and had been bought by a relation of his
out of the colledlion of Dr. Mead.

+ Hijl. An. lib. viii. c. 5. vide Br. Zool. i. S6. 410.

J Sir Jcjeph Banh, on his return from l\e-ji:foundlaud, was fo obliging as to com-
municate to me the following account of fome animals feen br a gentleman who

went

OTTER.

Siya & Cariguibeiu. Marcgrai-e Erafil. Lutra Brafilienfis. Rail /yn. quad. i8g. 282. Brasilia!*.
234. Des Marchais, iii. 306. BriJJbn quad. 202.

•^ with a round head like that of a cat : teeth feline : eyes
^^* fmall, round, and black: large vvhiikers : ears round:
feet in form of thofe of a monkey, with five toes; the inner the
ihorteft: claws (harp : tail reaching no lower than the feet; flat
and naked *.

Hair foft, and not long; entirely black, excepting the head,
which is duflcy; and the throat, which is yellow.

Bulk of a middling dog. If the fame with the otters of Gkz- Size.

ana, mentioned by M. de Buffon, it weighs from forty to a hun-
dred pounds -f.

Inhabits Brafil, Gtiiana, and the borders of the Oronoko, pro- Place,

went on that voyage; which I take the liberty of inferting here, as tliey bear
feme relation to the Otter in their way of life. He obferved, fitting on a rock,
near the mouth of a river, five animals, (haped like Italian grehounds, bigger
than a fox, of a fhining black color, with long legs, and long taper tail. They
often leaped into the water and brought up trouts, which they gave to their
young which were fitting with them. On his appearing, they all took to the
water and fwam a little way from fhore, kept their heads out of the water, and
looked at him. An old furrier faid, that he remembered the ikin of one fold
for five guineas,; and that the French often fee them in Uare-Bn}\

* Barren Fr. jT^quin. 155.

-|- Sup}l. iii. I £8, 159.

vided

io OTTER.

vided iheGudcbi o( Gumilla be the fame*. AiJirgrave Cays that it is
an amphibious animal;, lives on fifli, and cruftaceousanimals, fuch
as cray-fidi ; and is very dextrous in robbing the nets and wheels of
what it finds in them: makes a noife like a young puppy. The
flefh is reckoned delicate eating, and does not taflie filhy, notwith-
ftanding its food.

If this is the Gtiachi, as probably it is, it burrows on the banks
of rivers, and lives in fociety : are extremely cleanly, and carry to
a diftance the bones and reiiques of the filli they have been eat-
ing. They go in troops ; are very fierce, and make a ftrong de-
fence againft the dogs ; but if taken young are foon tamed.

2?3. Lesser. "Hoerz^.. Jgrhola An. Subter.ifi^.Gefner hirfutis ore albo. Lin. fy/l. 66. Fennis,

quad. -68. Tichurt; Suecis, iVJasnli. Faun. fuec.

Latax. G«;vn. Nurtz. »o^/jNurek. jRzac- N°i3.

zinjki Polon. 2\^. '^OTkz. Rilchkoff orcnh. Topogr. i. 295,

Mullela Lutreola. M. plantls palmatis, Schreber,cxxv\.,

/~\ with roundiQi ears: white chin: top of the head hoary;
^^* in fome tawny : body tawny and duiky ; the Ihort hairs
being yellowifli ; the long hairs black: the feet broad, webbed,

* mp. de l'Ort>!oque, iii. 239. Gumilla calls them alfo Loups ou Chkns ffEau,
and fays they are as large as a fetdng -dog. There is a great difagreement in
the form of the feet, with others of the Otter kind. The writers who have had
opportunity of examining it, are filent about the webs, the charafter of the
genus. Till that point is fettled, I mull remain doubtful whether it be the Sa-
ricovUnri cii A'ldreav Thevet, as 'Wi.de ^i^fo-.' conjeftures. The fize of the lat-
ter is another objeftion, which will apologize for my making a feparate article
of that animal till this point is fettled.

and

I.W'Il

^o.

U/J^T

^k/^.).^

S.3.

OTTER. 8i

and covered with hair : tail dufky, and ends in a point: of the
form of an otter, but thrice as fmall.

Inhabits Poland, and the north oi Europe; and is found on the Place.
banks of all the rivers in the country north of the 2''aik. None
are found beyond the lake Baikal, or in the north-eaft parts of
Siberia. Lives on fifh, frogs, and water- in fed s : its fur very va-
luable; next in beauty to that of the fable. Caught in Bajlokiria
with dogs and traps : is mofl excefUvely foetid.

The Minx oi North America is the fame animal with this. The
late worthy Mr. Peter ColUnfon * favored me with the following
account he received from Mr. John Bartram, of Penfylvania:
' The Minx,' (fays he) * frequents the water like the Otter, and

* very much refembles it in ftiape and color, but is lefs ; will

* abide longer under water than the muik quafli, mulk rat, or

* little beaver : yet it will leave its watery haunts to come and

* rob our hen-roofts ; bites off their heads and fucks their blood :

* when vexed, it has a ftrong loathfome fmellj fo may be called

* the IVater Pole Cat : its length, from nofe to tail, twenty inches;

* the tail four : is of a fine fliining dark brown color.'

From the conformity between the names this animal goes by,
iin America and Sweden {Minx and Mtcnk) it feems as if fome

• By letter dated June 14, 1764. Law/on alfo gives fome account of it,
p. 122, Hi/!. Carolina: He fays it is a great enemy to the Tortoifes ; whofe eggs
it fcrapes out of the fand and devours : eats frefh-water mufcles, whofe fhells
are found in great abundance at the mouth of their holes, high up in the rivers,
in whofe banks they live: may be made domeilic: is a great deftroyer of rats and
mice. La Hontai, i. 232, feems to mean the fame animal, by his Foutereaux,
an amphibious fort of little Pole-cats,

Vol. II. M Szvedijl:

82 OTTER.

Swedyh colonift, who had feen it in his own countrj^ fiift be-
ftowed the name it now goes by, a little changed from the origi-
nal : the ikins are often brought over to England.

284. Chinchi- ' MonnaChili,z6^.

MEN.

with head, whiikers, ears, e)'es, fhape, and length of the tail,
exaftly refembling the domeftic cat : feet furnifhed with
five toes, palmated, and with ftrong and crooked claws: body
covered with two forts of hair, one very Ihort and fine, the other
long and rude : length from nofe to tail twenty inches.
Manners. Inhabits the fea oi Chili, and very feldom quits that element:

goes always in pairs : loves to bafk in the fun : creeps to the
fummit of the rocks, where it is taken in traps : has a hoarfe voice,
and all the fiercenefs of the wild cat.

28c. Sarico- i^ °^ ^^^ ^^^ °^ ^ ^^'•' ^'^"-^ ^ ^^^ ^"^ ^^ velvet, grey and
viENNE. V/« black: web footed.

Lives more in the water than on land : the flefh very delicate,
and good to eat.

This appears to me to be the very fame with La petite Loutre
d\au douce de Cayenne, defcribed and figured by M. de Biifon*,.^
probably from a young animal.

• 5«/i//. iii. 159. tab. xxii.

The

OTTER.

The body, fays he, is feven inches {French) in length : the tail Size.

fix inches and feven lines; flender, taper, tuberculated, convex
above, flat beneath : ears rounded, and longer than ufual with ot-
ters ; head, cheeks, and back, duflcy ; and the fides marked regu-
larly with the fame colors, ifTuing from the back, extending al-
mofl to the belly ; the fpaces between of a yellowifh grey : above
each eye is a white fpot : the throat, and whole under fide of the
body, of the fame color : the toes before are divided ; thofe be-
hind webbed.

M. de la Borde, as quoted by M. de Buffon, mentions another
fpecies of Otter frequent in the rivers of Guiana, weighing from
twenty to twenty-five pounds, and of a yellowifh color.

Muftela Lutris. M. plantis palmatis pi- il. 367. /«5. xvi. 286. Sea,

lofis.caudacorporequadruplobreviore Sea Otter. Hijl, Kanit/chatka, liz. Mul-

Lin.JyJ}. 66. Schreber, cxxviii. ler's 'vy, 57, 58^

Lutra marina, Kalan. A'st;. Com. Petrop.

/~\ with a black nofe : upper jaw longer and broader than the
^^ • lower: long white whifkers : irides hazel: ears fmall,
ereft, conic : in the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth ; in the
lower four : the grinders broad, adapted for breaking and com-
minuting cruftaceous animals, and fhell-fifli : flcin thick: hair
thick and long, exceffively black and glofTy : beneath that a foft
down : color fometimes varies to filvery : legs thick and fhort :
toes covered with hair, and joined by a web : the hind feet ex-
aif^ly like thofe of a feal, and have a membrane fkirting the out-
M 2 fide

84 OTTER.

Size. fide of the exterior toe, like that of a goofe. Length from nofe

to tail is ufually above three feet; but there have been inftances
of fome being a foot longer: the tail thirteen Inches and a half;
flat, fiiUefl: of hair in the middle; fharp-pointed. The biggefl: of
thefe animals weigh feventy or eighty pounds.

Place. Inhabits, in vaft abundance, Bering's ifland, Kamtfchatka, the

Aleutian and the Fox ijlands between AJia and America, and in the
interior fea as far as has been difcovered to the eaft of De Fucas
flreights. They are fometimes feen in troops of hundreds, and a
hundred leagues from land. They are entirely confined between lat.
49. and 60 north ; and between eaft long, from London 126 to 150.
During winter they are brought in great numbers by the eafhern
winds from the American to the KuriUan ifland s.
Manners. Are moft harmlefs animals : mofl: affectionate to their young;

will pine to death at the lofs of them, and die on the very fpot where
they have been taken from them : before the young can fwim,
they carry them in their paws, lying in the water on their backs:
run very fwiftly; fwim often on their back, their fides, and even
in a perpendicular pofture: are very fportive; embrace each
other, and even kifs : inhabit the fliallows, or fuch which abound
with fea-weeds : feed on lobfters, fifli. Sepia, and fliell-fifli : breed
once a year; bring but one young at a time-, fuckle it a year,
bring it on fliore : are dull fighted, but quick fcentcd : hunted
for their fkins, which are of great value; fold to the Chinefe for
feventy or a hundred rubles apiece: each fltin weighs three
pounds and a half. The young are reckoned very delicate meat,
fcarcely to be diftinguifhed from a fucking lamb.

4 Length

OTTER. 85

T ENGTH from nofe to tip of tail four feet four inches : of the tail 287. Slekder,
•*-^ about thirteen inches : diameter of body fcarcely more than five
inches and a half: fore legs about three inches and a half long:
hind legs about four inches: head fmall, eyes fmall, ears mod ex-
tremely fmall, fcarce vihble: fore feet webbed; hind feet more
flrongly fo : color of the whole animal a rich very deep chefnut or
dark brown, rather paler beneath : checks and throat paler than
the other parts, or more inclining to whitifh.

Inhabits Staten-Land. Place.

DIV.

DIV. 11. Sect. Ill,

DIGITATED QJJADRUPEDS.

Without canine teeth; and with two cutting teeth in

each jaw.
Generally herbivorous, or frugivorous.

C A V Y.

DIV. II. Sect. III. Digitated Quadrupeds.

XXV. CAVY. Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Generally four toes on the fore feet, three behind.

Short ears: no tail, or a very ihort one.

Pace creeping ; and flow: numerous breeders: fliort-lived.

288. Capieara. Cahy-hma. Mar^gra-ve Brajil. z^o. Pi/o Caplvard. Frogcrs <vey, gg.

Brafil. gg. Rah'Jyn, quaJ. iz6. Sushydrochaeris.S.plantis tridadyliscau-

River hog. Wafer in Dampier, ili. 400. da nulla. Lin.fyft. 103.

Cochon d'Eau. Z)^J 3/ajY/&«;>, iii. 314. Hydrochserus, Le Cabiai. Brijfcn quad,

Susmaxtimispaluftris. Cabiai,cabionora. 80. De Biiffov, xii. :;84. tab. xlix.

Barrers France j^quin. 160. Irabubos. Cumil/a Ore'wque,in, 2^8.

Cwith a very large snd thick head and nofe : fmall rounded
• ears : large black eyes : upper jaw longer than the lower :
two ftrong and great cutting teeth in each jaw: eight grinders in
each jaw ; and each of thofe grinders form on their furface feem-
ingly three teeth, each flat at their ends*: legs fhort: toes long,
• connefted near their bottoms by a fmall web; their ends guarded

by a fmall hoof: no tail : hair on the body Ihort, rough, and

• M; de Buffon denies this : his defcription was taken from a young fubjedt ;
but Marcgra've and Des Marchais, who had opportunities of examining thefe
animals in their native country, agree in this fingular conftruftion of the teeth.

brown

C A V Y. 89

brown; on the nofe, long and hard whifkers : grows to the fizc
of a hog of two years old.

Inhabits the country from the Ifthmus of Darien to the Brafih, Place.
and even to Paraguay; lives in the fenny parts, not remote from
the banks of great rivers, fuch as the Oronoqne, Amazons, and
Rio de la Plata : runs flowly : fwims and dives remarkably well,
and keeps for a long time under water : feeds on fruits and vege-
tables: is very dextrous in catching fifh, which it brings on fliore,
and eats at its eafe : it fits up, and holds its prey with its fore
feet, feeding like an ape: feeds in the night, and commits great
ravages in gardens : keeps in large herds, and makes an horrible
noife like the braying of an afs : grows very fat: the flefli is eaten,
is tender, but has an oily and fifhy tafte : is eafily made tame *,
and foon grows very familiar.

Cuniculus vel Porcellus Indicus. Ge/ner 49. 289. Restless.

quad. 367. Mus porcellus. M. cauda nulla, palinis

Cavia Cobaya. Marcgra've Brajil. 224. tetradaftylis, plancis tridadtylis. Lin.

Pifo Brajil. 102. Jyjl. 79. Ameer.. Acad. iv. 190. tab. ii.

Mus feu cuniculus Amencanu! et Guineen- Cuniculus ecaudatus, auritus albus, aut

fis, Porcelli piliset voce, Cavia Cobaya. rufus, aut ex utroque variegatus. 5r;_^«

Rait fyn. quad. zz^. quad. i02.

Cavia Cobaya Brajil. quibufdam mus Le Cochon d'Inde. i?f 5/^«, viii. i./a^.

Pharaonis. Tatu pilofus. Klein quad. i. Lev. Mus.

/^ with the upper lip half divided : ears very large, broad, and
^^* rounded at the fides: hair ereft, not unlike that of a young
pig; color white, or white varied with orange and black, in irre-
gular blotches : no tail : four toes on the fore feet; three on the
hind.

* Muratori hijl, Paraguay, 258.

Vol. II. N ' Inhabits

50 C A V Y.

Place. Inhabits Brajil: no mention made by writers of its manners in

a wild ftate : domefticated in Europe: a reftlefs, grunting, little
animal; perpetually running from corner to corner: feeds on
bread, grains, and vegetables: breeds when two months old:
brings from four to twelve at a time ; and breeds every two
months: would be innumerable, but numbers of the young are
eaten by cats, others killed by the males: are very tender, mul-
titudes of young and old perifliing with cold : are called in Eng-
land, Guinea Pigs, being fuppofed to come from that country.
Rats are faid to avoid their haunts.

200. Rock. Aperea. Brafdienjilus, nobis Veldratte, Cuniculus ecaudatus auritus, ex cinereo

\t\ho{c\i\s.\.le, Marcgra've Brajil. 2.2'^. rufus. BriJ/cn quad. lo^.

PifoBraftl. 10 ■^. Rati fjn. quad. 2o6, L'Aperea. De Buffon, xv. i6o. Lev.

Cavia Aperea. Klein quad. 50, Mus.

/^ with divided upper lip: fliort ears: four toes on the fore
^^* feet; three on the hind : no tail: color of the upper part
of the body black, mottled with tawny : throat and belly white :
Size. length one foot.

Place. Inhabits Brqfil: lives in the holes of rocks: is driven out, and

taken by little dogs : is fuperior in goodnefs to our rabbets : its
paces like thofe of a hare.

Narioroi'gl/'j

I.WIIL

.0^-

C A V Y.

Karbmough^s voy. 33. Lev. Musi

f~^ with long ears, much dilated near the bottom : upper lip
^^* divided : on each fide of the nofe tufts of foft hairs, and
long whifkers: tip of the nofe black : face, back, and fore part
of the legs, cinereous and ruft- colored: breaft and fides tawnv:
belly of a dirty white: on each thigh a white patch: rump
black: legs very long: claws long, ftrait, and black; four on
the fore feet; three on the hind : tail a mere naked (lump.

This animal is found of the weight of fix-and twenty pounds*.

Is found in plenty about Port Dcfve, in Patagonia: lives in
holes of the earth» like the rabbet : the flelh of a fnowy whitenefs,
and excellent flavor ■\.

Sir yohn Narborough, and other voyagers, call it a hare.

291. Pataco-

NIAN.

'Pa.zti.Marcgrave Brajil. zz^.Pi/o Brajil, pentadaftylis, lateribus fiavefcenti-li>

101. De Lael, 484. neatis. Lin./yf. 81.

Mus Brafilienfis magnus, porcelli pilis et Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, pilis obfcure

voce, Paca diftus. Raiijyn. quad, 226. fulvis, rigidis, lineis ex albo flavcfcen-

Cavia Paca. Klein quad. 50. tibus ad latera dillindlis. BriJ/hn quad,

Cuniculus major, paluftris, fafciis albis 99.

notatus. Paca Marcgravt, Barrsre Le Paca. De Buffon, x. 269. tab. xHii.

France j^Equin. I j2. Sufpltm. iii. 203. tab. xliii. Lev, Mus.
Mus Paca. M. caudaabbrevjata, pedibus

f~^ with the upper jaw longer than the lower: noftrils large:
^^* whiflcers long: ears fliort and naked: neck thick: hairs
(hort and hard: color of the upper part of the body dark

Bjren's voy. 18.

N 2

f The famej 19.

brown ;

292. Spotted,

^2 C A V Y.

brown ; the lower part, or fides, marked lengthways with lines of
grey fpots: the belly white ; in fome, perhaps young ones, the
fides and fpots are of a pale yellow: five toes on each foot; only
the meer rudiment of a tail: length about ten inches: is made
like a pig, and in fome parts is called the Hog-Rabbet*.

Inhabits Braftl, and Guiana: lives in fenny places: burrows
underground: grows very fat: is efteemed mBraJil a great de-
licacy: grunts like a pig: eats its meat on the ground, not fitting
up, as fome others of this genus do : are difcovered by little
dogs, who point out the places they lie in : the mafter digs over
them, and when he comes near transfixes them with a knife;
otherwife they are apt to efcape : will bite dreadfully. There is
a variety quite white, found on the banks of the river St.
Francis-\'.

293. Bristly. Agnus filiorum Urad. Pro/f, J!/i.JEg}ff. Aftinoko. Bruce^s trails, v. 139.

i 232. Hirax Syriacus. Gmel, Lin. /yji. 167.

Daman Ifrael. De Buffon Siippl. vi. 276, Schreber, tab. ccxi. B.
tab, xlii.

/^ with fhort oval ears, covered within and without widi hair:
^^* color of the whole animal above grey and ferruginous:
from the chin to the extremity of the belly white : on the upper
aftrong briftly mufticho, three inches five eighths long; above the
eyes another tuft, two inches and two eighths long ; all over the body
are fcattered fimilar bridles, two inches and a quarter in length :
the toes are flefliy; the lower part naked, the upper covered with

* Wafer^s I'o;'. in Dampier, iii. 401. \ De Laet, 48^.

black

LX^^RA

\'/>fJ/.jj/jy..

Ajr^j//// (JaiT/ ^yr. :

y ryr. ■zgs.

C A V Y.

black hairs : the claws fomewhat rcfemble nails, and are ill adapt-
ed for burrowing: no tail: the length of the whole animal is
about feventeen inches.

This fpecies was firft taken notice of by Profper Alpinus, who calls
it Agnus filiorum Ifrael; the Daman Ifrael of the Arabs. He fays
it is larger than a rabbet, an objedt of the chace, and that the fefh
is fweeter than that of the rabbet.

Inhabits, according to Mr. Eruce, mount Libanus, the mountain Placi

of the Sun in Jb)ifinia, and in great numbers Cape Mahomet, on
the Arabian gulph, not far to the eaft of Suez. By Alpinus we find
they are alfo inhabitants of Mgypt. They are gregarious, and fit
by dozens on the great ftones to baik in the fun, before the mouth
of caves, or clefts in the rocks, their places of refuge at the fight
of man. They are juftly fuppofed by Mr. 'Bruce to have been
the Saphen (miftranflated the coney) of Holy Writ. Solomon
fays, ' The hills are the refuge for the wild goats, and the rocks for
the Conies. See his Saphen. ' The Saphen, adds he, are but a feeble
* folk, yet make they their houfes in the rocks*.' They retire
into the depths of the clefts, and there make themfelves a houfe ;
i. e. a neft of ftraw. Neither the Chrijlians of AbyJJinia and the
Mahometans, eat the flefli of thefe animals. The Arabs of mount
Libanus and of Arabia Petro;a ufe them as a food. The flefh is as
white as a chicken, and free from any ranknefs.

Mr. Bruce fuppofes that Dodtor Shazv intended this animal by his
Jird\; but, as our learned countryman exprefsly fays that his

• Proverbs, ch. xxx. v. 24, 26.
f 5/?i«iu'j Travels, p. 248.

4 animal

C A V Y.

animal has a tail, and iliat only a little fliorter than that of the
common rat, we mud have recourfe to fome other fpecies, perhaps
genus, for theJOVv/ of Barbary,

294.

LoNG-KOSE. Aguti vel Acuti. Mangrave Brajll. 224. Cuniculus caudatus, auribus, pilis ex ru-

Pi/o Brafil. loz. foet fufco mixlisrigidis velHtus. Brif-

Acuti ou Agoutis. DeLaet, 484. Roche- Jon quad. g8.

fort Antilles, i. 287. L'Agouti. De Biiffon, vlii. 375. tab. I.

Mus fylvellris Americanus cunicuUmag- Small Indian Coney. Broivni Jamaica,

nitudine, pilis et voce Porcelli, Aguti. 484.

Raiijyn. quad. 226. 'Lo'ng.nok&Kshhet. Wafer'' svoyJiDant'

Cavia Aguti. M. cauda abbreviata, pal- pier, iii. 40I.

mis tetradaftylis, plantis tridaftylis, Cuniculus omnium vulgatiffimus, Aguti

abdomine flavefcente. Lin. ff.. 80. vulgo. Barrere France jEquin. 153 *.

f~^ with a long nofe: divided upper lip: fliort rounded ears:
^^* black eyes: hard and fhining; on the body mixed with
red, brown, and black; on the rump, of a bright orange-co-
lor: belly yellow: legs almoft naked, flender, and black: four
toes on the fore feet ; three on the hind ; tail fliort, and naked :
iize of a rabbet.

Inhabits Brafil, Guiana, &c. Grunts like a pig : is very vora-
cious: fits on its hind legs, and holds its food with the fore feet
when it eats: hides what it cannot confume : hops like a hare:
goes very faft: when purfued, takes fhelter in hollow trees: is
capable of being tamed : when angry, fets up the hair on its

• The animal defcribed by Seba under the name of Cuniculus Americanus,
I, bj. tab. xli. feems the fame with this, notwithllanding he fays, that the hind
feel are tetradaftylous.

back.

C A V Y.

back, and ftrikes the ground with its feet: is eaten by the inha-
bitants of South America.

Cuniculus minor caudatus, olivaceus, L'Akouchy, De£uffo>!,xv.2^S.Sup/il,in, zgc. Olivf.

Akouchy. Barrere France ^quin, 153. 211. tab. xxxvi,

Des Marchais, iii. 3C3.

A Species of Aguti, lefs than the former, and of an olive-color:
•^ ^ which is the whole account left us by M. Barrere. Des
Marchais fays, it is more delicate food than the other.

Inhabits Guiana, and the iflands of St. Lucia and Grenada : in-
habits the woods: lives on fruits: is excellent meat: its flefli is
white: eafiiy made tame: makes a cry (but very rarely) like
the rejikfi cavy: abhors water.

Java hare. Catefiy Carolina, jipp. tab. mixto, Brijon qiiaJ. g^. 296. Javan.

xviii, Mus leporinus. Lin.fyfi. 80.

Cavia Javenfis. Klein qiiad. 50. Cuniculu Americanus. i^ib. Muf. \. 67.

Cuniculus caudatus auritus, rufefco ad- tab. xlii. fig. 2.

Cwith a flender fmall head : prominent naked ears, rounded
• at the tops: hairs very ftiff like bridles, efpecially on the
back: color of the upper part of the body reddifli : bread and
belly white: legs long: hind parts large: four toes on the fore
feet; three on the hind : tail (hort : lize of a hare.

Inhabits Surinam and the hotter parts oi South America, where
it is a common food : the ficfli is white, but dry. It is not

found

96 C A V Y.

found ill Java or Sumatra, as Catejly afierts. Governor Loten
alTures me, that he made the moft diligent enquiry after it in
mod parts of Java, but could never find the left traces of any
fuch animal.

ZQ7 C-vPE Cavia capenfis. Pfl//aj M//rf/. Zocl, 30. Monogr. De Bvffoii, SuppUm. m. 177.

''' * tab. ii. Sptc'd. 16. tab. ii. tab. xxix.

Africaanlch bafterd-mormeldier. Vofmaer

^ with a thick head, and full cheeks: ears oval, half hid in^
^^* the fur: head of the color of a hare : along the top of the
back dufky, mixed with grey j fides and belly of a whitifh grey :
four toes on the fore feet, three behind : tail fcarce vifible : fize
of a rabbet, but the fhape of the body thick and clumfy.

Inhabits in great abundance the rocky mountains near the Cape
of Good Hope, where it is called Kaapfche Dafs, Klip Dafs *, or
Cape Badger : burrows under ground : has a flow creeping pace;
a (harp voice, often repeated : is efteemed very good meat.

• Kolben, Dutch edition, as quoted by Dr. Pallas. La Cailk mentions this fpecies
under the name of Mai mat.

c A V y. gy

Les Ratsmufques, Piloris. ^fffy?'5)^r/j/«- ^oz. De Buffoit, X, 2> 398. Muik

tilUs, i. 288. Du Terire hi/}. Antilles, ii.

i"^ of a black or tan color on the upper part of its body: white
^^* on the belly : tail very fhort * : almoft as big as a rabbet.

Inhabits Martinico and the reft of the Antilles : burrows like a
rabbet : fmells fo ftrong of mulk, that its retreat may be traced
by the perfume : an obfcure fpecies, never examined by a na-
turalift.

• Neuv.toy. auxijles dePAmenqui, i. 43?,

Vol. II. O Two

St HARE.

XXVI. HARE. Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Short tail : or none.
Five toes before ; four behind.

299. COMMOff. "Lt^Mi, Pliniilih.v'uuc.^^. Ge/nerqttad. quad. g^.

605. Rait /yn. quad. 204. LeLievre. DeBufe»,yi.2^6./ai,xxxvm.

Hafe, Klein quad. 51. Br. Zool i. N° 20.

Lepus timidus. L. cauda abbreviata au- Arnaeb. Forjkal. iv. Lev. Mus. in which

riculis apice nigris ? Lin.JyJl.Tj. Hafe, are leveral curious varieties of colored

Faun./uec.'Ho. z^. hares.
Lepus caudatus ex cinereo rufus. Brijfon

Hwith ears tipt with black: eyes very large and prominent:
* chin white: long white whifkers: hair on the face, back,
and fides, white at the bottom, black in the middle, and tipt with
tawny red: throat and breaft red: belly white: tail black above,
white beneath : feet covered with hair even at the bottom : a
large hare weighs eight pounds and a half. I am informed, that
in the Ijk of Man fome have been known to weigh twelve : its
length, from the nofe to the tail, two feet.

Inhabits all parts oi Europe, mod parts oi Jfia, Japan, Ceylon*,
jEgyptf, and BarbaryX' a watchful, timid animal: always
lean : fwifter in running up hill than on even ground : when
ftarted, immediately endeavours to run up hill: efcapes the
hounds by various artful doubles: lies the whole day on its feat:
feeds by night : returns to its form by the fame road that it had

• Kawpfer Japan, i. iz6. Knox Ceylon, 20. f Piofp. Alp, i. 233.

X Sha'w''s Tranjels, 249.

taken

HARE. 99

taken in leaving it: does not pair: the rutting-feafon is in Fif-
bruary or March, when the male purfues the female by the h-
gacity of its nofe: breeds often in the yezv; brings three or four
at a time : are very fubjeft to fleas : the Dakcarlians make a
cloth of the fur, which preferves the wearer from their attacks :
the fur is of great ufe in the hat manufafture: feeds on vege-
tables: fond of the bark of young trees : a great lover of birch,
parfly and pinks : was a forbidden food among the Britons : the
Romans, on the contrary, held it in great efteem.

Inter quadrupedes gloria prima kpus,

was the opinion of i\^r//«/; and Horace, who was likewife a 5o«
vivatit, fays, that every man of tafte mud prefer the wing
Fciiundi leporis fapiens feBabitur armos.

There have been feveral inftances of what may be called mon- Horned Hares.
fters in this fpecies, horned hares, excrefences growing out of
their heads, likeft to the horns of the roe-buck. Such are thofe
figured in Gefner's hiftory of quadrupeds, p. 634; in the Mufeum
Regium Hafni^, No. 48. tab. iv; and in isT/ifrVs hiftory of qua-
drupeds, 32. tab. iii ; and a.gn\n dekr'ihed'm fFormius's Mufeum,
p. 321, and in Grezv's Mufeum of the Royal Society. Thefe in-
ftances have occurred in Saxony, and I think in Denmark, to
which may be added another near JJlracan*.

A farther account of two ftraw-colored animals like dogs,
which run like hares, and were of the fame fize, feen by the late
navigators in New Holland^, will, I fear, be a long defideratum
among naturalifts.

* Pallas. f Cook^s 'vtj. iii, 565.

O 2 Lepus

lOO

HARE.

300, Va RY I N c. Lepu! hieme albus. Farjlerhiji. nat. Vol- Lepus variabiEs. Tallas. Hov./p. i. Lev.
CJE. Ph.Trar/.Wu. i^^. Mus.

Alpine hare. Br, Zool. i. N° 20.

with fofc hair, in fummer grey, with a flight mixture of
* black and tawny : with (liorter ears, and more flender
legs, than the common hare: tail entirely white, even in fum-
mer : the feet moft clofely and warmly furred. In winter, the
whole animal changes to a fnowy whitenefs, except the tips and
edges of the ears, which remain black, as are the foles of the
feet, on which, in Siberia, the fur is doubly thick, and yellow.
Lefs than the common fpecies.
Place. Inhabits the higheft Scot/iJI: Alps, Norzvay, Lapland, Rujfia,

Siberia *, Kamtfchatka, and the banks of the f-Folga, and Hudfons
Bay. In Scotland, keeps on the tops of the higheft hills ; never
defcends into the vales ; never mixes with the common hare,
which is common in its neighborhood: does not run faft: apt
to take (helter in clefts of rocks : is eafily tamed : full of frohc :
fond of honey and carraway comfits : eats its own dung before
a ftorm : changes its color in September: refumes its grey coat
in April: in the extreme cold of Greenland only, is always f
white. Both kinds of hares are common in Siberia, on the
banks of the ffolga, and in the Orenburg government. The one
never changes color : the other, native of the fame place, con-

• Vide Pontpf:. Neriuaj, ii. 9. Scheffer -LnplaMii, IIJ, Strahltnberg RuJ/itt, 370,
'RitMoff Orenberg Topog. i. 287.
t ^ge^t, Grienl, 62, Crantx, Green!. 5. 70,

ftantly

LXIX.

.' I /■//-///?/</ ,/i/7/f , l.^oo //../ifr^Htra ' /i/i/rr^ — P

n //?/</

./f.U>4.

HARE. loi

ftantly aflumes the whltenefs of the fnow duiing winter. This
it does, not only in the open air, and in a ftate of Uberty : but,
as experiment has proved, even when kept tame, and preferved
in houfes in the ftove-warmed apartments ; in which it experi-
ences the fame changes of colors as if it had dwelt on the fnowy
plains*.

They colle6t together, and are feen in troops of five or fix Micratioks.
hundred, migrating in fpring, and returning in autumn -f . They
are compelled to this by the want of fubfiftence, quitting in the
winter the lofty hills, the fouthern boundaries of Siberia, and
feek the plains and northern wooded parts, where vegetables
abound J and towards fpring feek again the mountainous quar-
ters;!;. Mr. Muller fays, he once favv two black hares, in Siba- Black hares.
ria, of a wonderful fine glofs, and of as full a black as jet. Near
Cafan was taken another in the middle of the winter 1768. Thefe
fpecimens were much larger than the common kind.

In the fouthern and weftern provinces of RuJJia is a mixed «• Spurious;
breed of hares, between this and the common fpecies. It fuf-
tains, during winter only, a partial lofs of color : the fides, and
more expofed parts of the ears and legs, in that feafon, become
white ; the other parts retain their colors. This variety is un-
known beyond the Urallian chain. It is called by the Ruffians,
Rnjfak ; they take them in great numbers in fnares, and export
their Ikins to England and other places, for the manufacture of
hats ||. The Rujfians and Tartars, like the Britons of old, hold

• Pallat nov. fp. fafc. j. p. 7. f Bell's Trtivtis, i. 238. J Pallas

nov, fp. fafc. i. p. 15. {| The fame, p. 6.

the

io» HARE.

the flefh of hares in dcteftation, efteeming It impure: that of
the VARIABLE, in its white flate, is exceflively infipid.

joit American. Hare, hedge Coney. Zflw/o«, 122. Cate^y, Ap<p. xxv'm.

Hvvith the ears tipt with grey: upper part of the tail black;
• lower white : neck and body mixed with cinereous, ruft-
color, and black: legs of a pale ferruginous: belly white; fore
legs fliorter, hind legs longer, in proportion, than thofe of the
common hare.

Length eighteen inches: weighs from three to four pounds
and a half.

Inhabits all parts of North America. In New Jerfey, and the
colonies fouth of that province, it retains its color the whole
year. In New England'^, Canada, and about Hudfons Bay, at
approach of winter, it changes its fhort fummer's fur for one very
long, (ilky, and filvery, even to the roots of the hairs; the edges
of the ears only preferving their color: at that time it is in the
highell; feafon for the table-j-; and is of vaft ufe to thofe who
winter in Hudfons Bay, where they are taken in vaft abundance,
in fpringes made of braCs wire, to which the animals are led by a
hedge made for that purpofe, with holes left before the fnares
for the rabbets to pafs through.

They breed once or twice a year, and have from five to (evta
at a time: they do not migrate, like the preceding, but always
haunt the fame places: they do not burrow, but lodge under

• Jo/sljri's Rarities, 22. f Clerk Californ. 5. 156.

fallen

HARE. 103

fallen timber, and in hollow trees: they breed in the grafs; but
in Tpring fhelter their young in the trees, to which they alfo run
when purfued; from which, in the fouthern colonies, the hun-
ters * force them by means of a hooked ftick, or by making a
fire, and driving them out by the fmoke. I have had an oppor-
tunity of examining this fpecies in its brown drefs from Venjyl-
vaniuy and its winter's drefs from Hudfon's Bay.

Cuniculus. Plitiii, lib. vili. c, 55. Ge/tter Kanin. Taun./uec. No. 26. Br. Zeol. 1. 302. Rabbet.

quad. 362. Agricola An. Subt. 482 N° 22.

Rabbet, or Coney. Raiifyn. quad. 205. Lepus caudatus, obfcure cinereus. 5r^»

Lepufculus, cuniculus lerram fodiens, quad. 95.

Kaninchen. Ktetnquad. 52. Le Lapin. De Buffon, vi. 303. tab, 1, li,

Lepus cuniculus. L. cauda abbreviata. Lev. Mus,

auriculis nudatis. Lin.J'yJl. 77.

Hwith ears almoft naked: color of the fur, in a wild ftate,
• brown; tail black above, white beneath: in a tame ftate,
varies to black, pied, and quite white : the eyes of the laft of a
fine red.

Inhabits, in a wild ftate, the temperate and hot parts of £«-
rope, and the hotteft parts of Afta and Africa: not originally
Britifo ; but fucceeds here admirably ; will not live in Sweden, or
the northern countries, except in houfes. Strabo -f tells us, that
they were firft imported into Italy from Spain, Not natives of
America; but encreafe greatly in .9. ^^wnV^.

Moft prolific animals: breed feven times in a year: produce
eight young at a time : fuppofing that to happen regularly, one

• Kalm,n. ^S. t Lib.'i^,

8 pair

I04 tl A R E.

pair may bring in four years 1,274,840. In warrens, keep In their
holes in the middle of the day; come out morning and night:
the males apt to deftroy the young : the fkins a great article of
commerce ; numbers exported to China : the fur of great ufe in
the hat-manufafture.

(3. Angora Rabbet. With hair long, waved, and of a filky
finenefs, like that of the goat ofJngora, vol. i. p. 61 . and the Caf,
vol. i. p. 296.

J/. Hooded Rabbet. With a double fkin over the back, Into
which it can withdraw its head : another under the throat, in
which it can place its fore feet : has fmall holes in the loofc
Ikin on the back, to admit light to the eyes : color of the body-
cinereous : head and ears brown.

Defcribed from a drawing, and manufcript account, by Mr, G.
Edwards, preferved in the Mufeum; infcribed " A RuJJlan Rab-
•' bet;"" but I find that it is unknown in that empire.

303. Baikal Cunkulusinfignitercaudatus, colons Le- Lepuscaudainfupinapartenigralnprona

porini. Nov, Com. Petrop. v, 357. tab. alba. Brijfon quad. 97.
xi. Le Tolai. De Buffon, xv. 138.

TJ" with a tail longer than that of a rabbet : ears longer in the
•*-■'■* male, in proportion, than thofe of the varying hzxc: fur
of the color of the common hare: red about the neck and feet:

tail

loi

HARE.

tail black above, white beneath : fize between that of the common
and the varying hare.

Inhabits the country beyond lake Baikal, and extends throvigh
the great Gobee, even to Thihet. The Tanguts call it Rangwot
and confecrate it among the fpots of the moon * : agrees with
the common rabbet in color of the flefh ; but does not burrow,
running inftantly (without taking a ring as the common hare
does) for fhelter, when purfued, into holes of rocks; fo agrees in
nature with neither that nor the rabbet. Called by the Mongols,
Tolai. The fur is bad, and of no ufe in commerce.

Lepus Capenfis. L. cauda longitud'me capitis, pedlbus rubris. Lin.fyll, 78. .^, Cape.

T T with long ears dilated in the middle : the outfides naked,
*■ "*•• and of a rofe-color : infide and edges covered with (horC
grey hairs : crown and back dufky, mixed with tawny : cheeks
and fides cinereous : bread, belly, and legs, ruft-colored ; tail
bufhy, carried upwards; of a pale ferruginous color.

Size of a rabbet.

Inhabits the country three days north of the Cape of Good Hope.
Is called there the Mountain Hare, for it lives only in the rocky
mountain? ; does not burrow. It is difficult to fhoot it, as it in-
ilandy, on the fight of any one, runs into the fiffures of the
rocks.

The fame fpecics probably extends as high as Senegal. M. Adan-
fon (44) obferves, that the hares of that country are not fo large

• PaUas nov./p, i, 20.

Voi. II. T as

io6 H A R E.

as thofe of France ; tlieir color between that of the European kind
and a rabbet ; and their flelh white.

JOC. ViSCACciA. LipuiviCciCcii. Molina CkilifzSg. Jco^a Peru. ijz^. ip. ■^i.GarcilaJo de laFi-
in Purchui\ Pilgrims, iii. 966. FeuilUe ga 331.

with the appearance of a rabbet, excepting the tail ; in that
part and color like a fox : the tail is long, and turned up,
and covered with coarfe hair : the reft of the hair foft : Hze
fuperior to that of a rabbet.
Manners. Inhabits Peru and Chili: lives under ground, and forms two

boroughs one above the other; in the one it keeps its provifions,
in the other fleeps: goes out only in the night: its fleili is wh-itc
and tender. The antient Peruvia7is make ftuffs of the hair, which
were fo fine as to be worn only by the nobility. In Chili it goei
into the hat-manufaflory :. its tail is its weapon of defence.

306, CuY. Lepus pufillus. A^elina ChiH. 28S.

T_T with a conoid body : ears fmall, pointed, and covered witK
"*■■*•* hair: nofe long: tail fo fliort as fcarcely to be feen : is
domefticated and varies in color to white, brown, and fpotted with,
divers colors : fur very fine : llze of a field moufe.

Inhabits Chili: breeds every month, and brings, from fix to
eight young : is delicate eating.

•* Without-

HARE.

* * Without a tail.

107

Tapetl 3iW/r«^.. £r.7//. 223. P;> fyji-l'i. 307. Brasihan.

Brajil. 102. Lepus ecaudatus. BriJpDiquaJ. 97,

Caniculus Brafilie:ijii Taped didus. Rati Le Tapeti. De Bujon, xv. 1 6z.

^'«- ?'""»'• 205- Collar'd Rabbet. //V<rr'/'i/o>-.»«Z)a«//Vr,
\^tip\xi Brafiliei/is. L. Cauda nulla. Z/». iii. 401.

TT with very large ears, lilcc the common kind : a white ring
*■*■• round the neck: face of a reddifli color: chin white:
black feyes : color of the body like the common hare, only darker :
belly whitifh: no tail: fome want the white ring round the
neck.

Inhabit J??v7/?/; live in woods: do not burrow: are very pro-
lific: very good meat: found alfo in Mexico*} where they arc
called Citli.

Lepus Alpinus. Pallas, nov. fp. fafc. i. J2. tab. ii. Itin, ii. 701. tah. A. Zimmirman. ,-g »

TT with fhort, broad, rounded ears: head long: very long
•^ ■'■, whifkers: two very long hairs above each eye: color of
the fur at the bottom dufky, towards the ends of a bright ferru-
ginous; the tips white; intermixed are feveral long dufky hairs;
but on firfl: infpeftion the whole feems of a bright bay.
Length of that I faw was nine inches.

• Htrnattdez An, Nov, Hi/f, 2.

P 2 Thefe

^ HARE.'

Place. Thefe animals arc firft feen on \.\\t Altciic chain, and extend to

\akt Baikal; and from thence to Kamtfchatka ; and, as it is faid, in
the new-difcovered Fox or Aleutian iflands. They inhabit al-
ways the middle region of the fnowy mountains, in the rudeft
places, wooded and abounding with herbs and moifture.

They fometimes form burrows between the rocks, and oftencr
lodge in the crevices ; and are found in pairs, or more, according
to convenlency: in cloudy weather they collect together, and
Voice. lie on the rocks, and give a keen whiftle, fo like that of a fpar«

row, as to deceive the hearer. On the report of a gun, they run
into their holes ; but foon come out again, fuppofing it to be a
clap of thunder, to which they are fo much ufed in their lofty ha-
bitations.

By wonderful InRindl they make a provifion againft the ri-
gorous feafon in tlieir inclement feats. A company of them, to-
wards autumn, colled together vaft heaps of choice herbs and
grafTcs, nicely dried, which ' they place either beneath the over-
hanging rocks, or between the chafms, or round the trunk of fome
tree. The way to thefe heaps is marked by a worn path. In
many places the herbs appeared fcattered, as if to be dried in the
fun and harvefted properly. The heaps are formed like round or
conoid ricks; and are of various fizes, according to the number
of the fociety employed in forming them. They are fometimes
of a man's height, and many feet in diameter, but ufually about
three feet.

Thus they wifely provide their winter's ftock, otherwife they
muft perifh, being prevented by the depth of fnow to quit their
retreats in queft of food.

8 They

HARE. IC9

They feledl the bcft of vegetables, and crop them when in the
fulleft vi'gor, which they make into the beft and greened hay by
the judicious manner in which they dry it. Thefe ricks are the
origin of fertility amidft the rocks ; for the rehques, mixed with
the dung of the animals, rot in the barren chafms, and create a
foil produdive of vegetables.

Thefe ricks are alfo of great fervice to that branch of man-
kind who devote themfclves to the laborious employ of fable-
hunting : for being obliged to go far from home, their horfes
would often perifh for want, if they had not the provifion
of thefe induftrious little animals to fupport them ; which is ca-
fily to be difcovered by their height and form, even when covered
with fnow. It is for this reafon that this little beaft has a name
among every Siberian and Tartarian nation, which othcrvvife would
have been overlooked and defpifed. The people of Jakutz are
faid to feed both their horfes and cattle with the reliques of the
winter flock of thefe hares.

Thefe animals are negledled as a food by mankind, but are the
prey of fables and the Siberian weefel, which are joint inhabitants
of the mountains. They are likewife greatly infefted by a fort of
gadfly, which lodges its egg in their fkin in Auguji and September^
which often proves deftrudive to them.

Lepus Ogotona. Tallas Nov. fp. fafc. 1. 59. ial. iii. jgg, Ogotona,

with oblong oval ears, si little pointed : fhorter whiikers
• than the former: hairs long and fmooth : color of thofe

no H A R E.

on the bod}', brown at the roots, light grey in the middle, white
at the ends, intermixed with a very few dufley hairs *. a yellowifh
fpot on the nofe : fpace about the rnmp of the fame color: out-
lide of the limbs yellowlfh: belly white.

Length about fix inches : weight of a male, from fix ounces
and a half to feven and a quarter ; of the female, from four to
foiir and three qQarters.

Inhabits only the country beyond lake Baikal, and from thence
common in all parts of the Mongolian defert, and the vaft defert
of Goke, which extends on the back of China and Thibet, even to
India. It lives in the open vallies, and on gravelly or rocky
naked mountains. Thefe little creatures are called by the Mon-
gols, Ogotona: are found in vafl: abundance; live under heaps of
flones, or burrow in the fandy foil, leaving two or three en-
trances. Their holes run obliquely : in thefe they make a neft of
foft grafs. The old females make for fecurity many of thefe bur-
rows near each other, that they may, if difturbed, retreat from
one to the other.

They wander out chiefly in the night. Their voice is exceffively
Ihrill, a note like that of a fparrow, twice or thrice repeated; but
veryeafdy to be diftinguilhed from that of ih^ Alpine hare.

They live in the vallies, principally on the tender bark of a
fort of Service and the dwarf elm; in the fpring on different
herbs. Before the approach of fevere cold, in the early fpring,
they colleft great quantities of herbs, and fill their holes with
them, which the inhabitants of the country confider as a fare fign
©f change of weather.

Direded by the fame inftind with the former, they form ia

autumn

HARE. in

autumn their ricks of hay of a hemifpherical fhape; about a foot
high and wide: in the fpring thefe elegant heaps difappear, and
nothing but the reliques are feen.

They copulate in the fpring, and about the latter end of June
their young are obferved to be full grown.

They are the prey of hawks, magpies, and owls: but the Cat
Manid makes the greatefl havock among them : and the ermine
and fitchet is, equally their enemy.

tepus pufillus. ?ullas Nov. fp. i. 31. tab. i. Nov. Com. Petref. xiii. ^^i./ai.xW. 3'°' Callimg.
Zimmerman.

TT with a head longer than ufual with hares, and thickly covered
■»••*•• with fur, even to the tip of the nofe : numerous hairs in the
whiflcers : ears large and rounded: legs very (hort: foles furred
beneath : its whole coat very foft, long, and fmooth, with a thick
long fine down beneath, of a brownilh lead-color: the hairs of
the fame color; towards the ends of a light grey, and tipt with
black : the lower part of the body hoary : the fides and ends of
the fur yellowifh.

Length about fix inches: weight from three ounces and a Size.

quarter to four and a half; in winter fcarcely two and a half.

Inhabits the fouth-eaft parts oi RuJJia, and about all the ridge Placi..
ef hills fpreading fouthward from the Urallian chain ; alfo about
the Irtifh, and in the weft part of the Altaic chain ; but no

wh efe

118 HARE.

where in the eafl: beyond the Oby. They delight in the mod
funny vallies, and herby hills, efpecially near the edges of woods,
to which they run on any alarm.
Mannerj, They live (o concealed a life as very rarely to be feen: but arc

often taken in winter, in the fnares laid for the ermines -, fo arc
well known to the hunters. About the Folga they are called Sem-
■lanoi Saetjhik, or Ground Hare: the Tartars, from their voice,
ftyle them Tfchotfchot or Ittfttjlan, or the Barking Moufe; the
Kalmucs call them Rujla.

They chufe for their burrows a dry fpot, amidfl bufhes covered
with a firm fod, preferring the weftern fides of the hills; in
thefe they burrow, leaving a very fmall hole for the entrance;
and forming long galleries, in which they make their nefts : but
thofe of the old ones, and females, are numerous and intricate:
their j)lace would be fcarcely known but for their excrements,
and even thofe they drop, by a wife inftintt, under fome buili, leaft
their dwelling fliould be difcovered by their enemies among the
animal creation.

-^Qicz. It is their voice alone that betrays their abode : it is like the pip-

ing of a quail, but deeper, and fo loud as to be heard at the difiance
of half a German mile. It is repeated by juft intervals thrice,
four times, and often fix. This is wonderful, as this little ani-
mal does not appear to be particularly org;inized for the purpofe.
The voice is emitted at night and morning : feklom in the day,
except in rainy and cloudy weather. It is common to b th fcxes^
but the female is filent for fome time after parturition, which i^

Young. about the beginning of M^ry, N. S. They bring forth fix at a

time, blind, and naked -, which (he fuckles often, and covers care-
fully with the materials of her neft.

Thefc

L\X_.

//■z.

'■'-.' f/y//ytf ,y/f7fr , l.jc>y.

HARE. 113

Thefe moft harmlefs and inoffenfive animals never go from
their holes : feed and make their little excurfions by night :
drink, often : fleep little: are eafily made tame: will fcarcely bite
when handled. The males in confinement are obferved to attack
one another, and exprefs their anger by a grunting noife.

Vol. II. Q, Two

114

BEAVER.

XXVII. BEAVER.

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Five toes on each foot.

Tail comprefled, and covered with fcales.

in. Castor. Ka.(7T!»^- Arift. hijl. An. lib. viii. f. 5. Caflor caftanei colons, cauda horizonta-

Qppian. Halieut. i. 398. liter plana. BriJJhn quad, go.

Fiber. PUnii lib. v'ni c. 30. Jgricola An, Caller Fiber. C. cauda ovata plana. Lin,
Suit. 482. BelonJquat. 25. )\ft. 78.

C&^or. Gejner quad. 309. Rondel, 236. Batwer, Biur. Faun. /itec. N° zy.

Schene'veld Icth. 34. Le Callor, ou Le Bievre. De Bujhn, viii.

Beaver. Raiifyn. quod. 209. 282. tab. xxxvi.

Bobr. Rzaczmjki Polon. 215. Beaver. Br. Zool. i. PL 9. Lev. Mus.

Biber. Klein quad, 91. Kramer Aufir, 315.

B with ftrong cutting teeth: (hoit ears, hid in the fur: blunt
• nofe: hair of a deep chefnut brown: tail broad, almofl:
oval, comprefled horizontally, covered with fcales: the fore feet
fmall; the hind large: length from nofe to tail, about three feet :
tail eleven inches long, three broad.
Placi, Inhabits £.'/ro/)f, f fom Lapland to Languedoc* : in great plenty

in the North: a few are yet found in the Rhone f, the Gardon, the
Danube, the Rhine, and the Vifiv.la, I have an inftance of two
old and fix young being taken in 1742, at Gornichem, in Holland;
another in 1757 in the Tjfel, in Guelderland; and another in 1770
in the Maas, near the village Hedcl, not far from Bois le due : this
laft weighed forty pounds, and had two bags of cajiorcim, weigh-

DeBi<Jon, viii. 2S6.

t Ibid.

J.XXX.

///.

BEAVER. 115

ing four ounces, and of excellent quality. It had inhabited the
river for fome years, and done much damage to the willow-
trees, with whofe bark its flomach was found full. They are
much more frequent in the Lippe, above IVcjU, from which river
they might defcend into thofe oi Holland*.

Abound in the JJtatic part of the Ruffian empire; are found
in companies, or aflbciated, about the Konda, and other rivers
which flow into the Oby. They are met with difperfed, or in the
ftate of Terriers, in the wooded parts of independent Tartary, and
in the chains of mountains which border upon Siberia. None
are to be feen in Kamtfchatka, by reafon of the interruption of the
woods beyond the river Kozvyma ; nor yet in the new-difcovered
iflands weft of that country : only in the ifle of Kadjak, the neareft
to America, fome ikins have been procured by the Rnjfians, which
probably were got by the natives from Arncrica, in whofe northern
parts they are found in prodigious abundance.

The moll induftrious of animals: nothing equals the art with Manners.
which they conftruft their dwellings. They chufe a level piece
of ground, with a fmall rivulet running through it. This they
form into a pond, by making a dam acrofs ; firfl by driving into
the ground ftakes five or fix feet long, placed in rows, wattling
each row with pliant twigs, and filling the interllices with clay,
ramming it down clofe. The fide neareft to the water is floped;
the other perpendicular. The bottom is from ten to twelve feet
thick; but the thicknefs gradually diminiflies to the top, which
is about two or three. The length of thefe dams is fometimes
not lefs than a hundred feet.

* Marline's Kalechi/nt, Natur.iu I43i

0^2 Their

ii6 B E A V E R.

Their houfes are made in the water collected by means of the
clam, and are placed near the edge of the (hore. They are builc
on piles; are either round or oval ; but the tops are vaulted; fo
! that their infide refembles an oven, the top a dome. The walls
are two feet thick ; made of earth, ftones, and flicks, nioft arti-
ficially laid together ; and the walls within as neatly plaiftered
as if with a trowel. In each houfe arc two openings; one into the
water, the other towards the land. The height of thefe houfes
above the water is eight feet. They often make two or three
itories in each dwelling, for the convenience of change, in cafe
of floods. Each houfe contains from two to thirty beavers ; and
the number of houfes in each pond is from ten to twenty-five.
Each beaver forms its bed of mofs; and each family forms its
magazine of winter provifion, which confifts of bark and boughs
of trees. This they lodge under water, and fetch it into their
apartments as their wants require. Lazvfon fays they are fondell
of the faffafras, afh, and fweet-gum. Their fummer food is
leaves, fruits, and fometimes crabs and craw-fidi; but they are not
fond of fifh.

To effeft thefe works, a community of two or three hundred
afTembles; each bears his fliare in the labor: fome fall, by gnaw-
ing with their teeth, trees of great fize, to form beams or piles;
thefe are gnawed all round in as regular a manner as a cutter cuts
in falling a tree, bringing the bottom of the wood to a point*:
others roll the pieces along to the water ; others dive, and with
their feet fcrape holes, in order to place them in; while others

• This wUl be bell underftood by infpefting the fpecimens in the Leverian
Museum.

exert

BEAVER. 117

exert their efforts to rear them in their proper places : another
party is employed in coUecVing twigs, to wattle the piles with;
a third, in collecting earth, ftones, and clay; a fourth is bulled in
beating and temperi^.g the mortar; others, in carrying it on their
broad tails to proper places, and with the fame inftrument ram it
between the pJk-Sj or plaifter the infide of their houfes. A cer-
tain number of fmart flrokes with their tail, is a fignal given by
the overfeer, for repairing to fuch or fuch places, either for mend-
ing any defeds, or at the approach of an enemy ; and the whole
fociety attend to it with the utmoft affidiiity. Their time of
building is early in the fummer; for in winter they never ftir but
to their magazines of provifions, and during that feafon are very
fat. They breed once a year, and bring forth, the latter end of
the winter, two or three young at a birth.

Befides thefe aflbciated beavers, is another fort, which are
called Terriers; which either want induflry or fagacity to form
houfes like the others. They burrow in the banks of rivers,
making their holes beneath the freezing depth of the water, and
work up for a great number of feet. Thefe alfo form their win-
ter ftock of provifion.

Beavers vary in their colors : the fineft are black ; but the ge-
neral color is a chefaut brown, more or lefs dark: fome have
been found, but very rarely-, white; others fpotted: both varie-
ties are preferved in the Leverian Museum. The ikins are a
prodigious article of trade; being the foundation of the hat-ma-
nufadtory. In 1763 were fold, in a fingle fale of the Hudfon's
^i^y Company, 54,670 Ikins. They are diftinguifhed by different
names. Coat Beaver is what has been worn as coverlets by the
Indians. Parchment Beaver, becaufe the lower fide refeinbles it.

Stao-e

ii8 BEAVER.

Stage Beaver is the worft, and is that which the Indians kill out
of feafon, on their ftages or journles. The valuable drug Cafio-
reum * is taken from the inguinal glands of thefe animals. The
antients had a notion it was lodged in the tefticles, and diat the
animal, when hard preffed, would bite them off, and leave them
to its purfuers, as if confcious of what they wanted to deftroy
• him for.

Imitatus Caftora, qui ft
Eunuchum ip/efacil, cupiens evadere damr.o
leftieulorum. Juvenal, xii, 34,

Jull as the Beaver, that wife thinking brute.

Who, when hard hunted on a clofe purfuit.

Bites off the parts, the caufe of all the flrife.

And leaves them as a ranfom for his life. Dryden,

• The RuJJian Cajloreum is fo much better than the American, that we give two
guineas a pound for that, and only 8i. bd, for the laft ; the firll being lefs waxy,
and pulverifes readier. Notwithftanding we take this drug from Rujfia, we export
there vaft numbers of Beaver (kins. The flefh is reckoned good eating, being
preferved, after the bones are taken out, by drying it in the fmoke.

llS.hiJi.Eudfon'sBaj.

MufTaTcast

BEAVER.

Muflafcus. Bm'itVs Virginia, z-]. Caflor Cauda verticaliter plana, digitis 312. Musk.

Mufqualh. JoJJllyn's 'voy. New England, omnibus a fe inviceinfeparatis.£>-/^;j

86. ' quad. 93.

Muflc Rat. Laiv/on Carolina, 120. L'Ondatra. De Buffon, X. i. tah. 1,

Caftor Zibethicus. C. cauda longa com- Rat Mufque. Charlevoix Nowv. France,

preflb-lanceolata, pcdibus fiffis. Lin. v. 157, Le/carbot N. Fr. 350. Lev.

fyji. Mus.

with a thick bUint nofe: ears (hort, and almoft hid in the
' fur: eyes large: toes on each foot feparated ; thofe behind
fringed on each fide with flrong hairs, clofely fet together : tail
compreffed fideways, and very thin at the edges, covered with
fmall fcales, intermixed with a few hairs: color of the head and
body a reddifh brown: breall and belly aQi-coIor, tinged with
red: the fur very fine: length, from nofe to tail, one foot; of
the tail, nine inches : in the form of its body, exaftly refembles
a beaver.

Inhabits North America: breeds three or four times in a year *,
and brings from three to fix young at a time : during fummer,
the male and female confort together: at approach of winter,
unite in families, and retire into fmall round edifices, covered
with a dome, formed of herbs and reeds cemented with clay : at
the bottom are feveral pipes, through which they pafs in fearch
of food ; for they do not form magazines like the beavers: dur-
ing winter, their habitations are covered many feet deep with
fnow and ice; but they creep out and feed on the roots that lie

* MS. biJJ. HuJfon's Bay.

c beneath :

I20 BEAVER.

beneath : they quit then- old habitations annually, and build new
ones. The fur is foft, and much efteemed : the whole animal,
during fummer, has a moft exquifite mufky fmell : which it lofes
in winter : perhaps the fcent is derived from the Calamus Aro-
maticus, a favorite food of this animal. Lefcarbot fays they are
very good to eat.

<13.Gu1l.LiNO. Caftor Huldobrius. Molina Chili, 266.

with a fquare head : fliort and round ears : fmall eyes: color
'• grey; dark on the back, whitifli on the belly. It has two
forts of hair, like the common beaver : one (hort and fine, and fuf-
ceptible of any dye ; the other fpecies of hair long and hard :
the toes of the fore feet bordered with a membrane; the hind feet
webbed : the back very broad ; the tail long and hairy, and length
from the nofe to the tail three feet ; height two feet.
Mansers, Inhabits the decpeft rivers and lakes of Chili: has the forduwi

ovale hs\{ clofed: can live long under water: feeds on fiilies and
crabs : is fierce and bold, and will feize its prey in fight of mankind :
is killed by the hunters when it comes to difcharge its excre-
ments, which it does always in the fame place: moll: beautiful
ftuffs are made of the fur, refcmbling velvet ; it is alfo of great ufe
in the manufaflure of hats.

M. Molina calls it Huidobrius, from the fa.mily name of his
patron, the marquifs of Cafa Realc.

M. Molina

BEAVER, 121

M. Molina was one of the Jt'/uits whom the Spaniards ex-
pelled out of Soulh America, They robbed him of all his
effeds and manufcripts : by a fingular fortune he found in
Italy the manufcript which furnlQies us with the valuable na-
tural hiftory of CM/.

Vol. II. R Two

4fr
IS2 PORCUPINE.

XXVUT. Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

PORCUPINE. BoJy covered with long, hard, and (harp quills.

Upper lip divided.

114. CREiTfD. tiUi,. -AriJioUhiJ}. An.lib.\..c.(>.Oppian Hyftrix critlata. H. palmis tetradaflylis,

C^r.cg. iii. 3QI. plantis pentadaflylis, capite crillato,

Hyftrix. Plini't lb. viii. c. 35. G /ner quad, Cauda abbreviata. Lh'.J'yft. 76. HaJJil-

5 '^3. Rail /(>!. quad, 206. quift. itin. 290.

Acanthion criftatus. Kkin quad. 66. Hyftrix capite criftato. BT'ffcn quad, S;.

Hyftrix orientdlis criftata. teb, Muf. i. 79. Le Pore-epic. De Buffon, xii. 402. tab. li.

tab. 1. Iii. F annul. Sinerss,

■p with a long crefl; on the top of the head, reclining backwards,
■■■ ' formed of ftiif briftles : the body covered with long quills;
thofe on the hind part of the body nine inches in length, very fliarp
at the ends, varied with black, and white ; between the quills a few
hairs : the head, belly, and legs, are covered with ftrong briftles,
terminated with foft hair, of a dufky color: the whifkers long:
ears like the human : four toes before, five behind : tail fliort,
and covered with quills : length, from nofe to tail, two feet i tail,
four inches.

Inhabits India, the fand-hills on the S. W. of the Cafpian fea,
fouthern Tartary, Perjia, and Pakjline, and all parts of Africa ; is
found wild in Italy; but is not originally a native of* Europe:
is brought into the markets of Rome, where it is caff-. The
Italian porcupines have (horter quills, and a lefler creft, than thofe
o{ Jfia zndi Africa : is an harmlefs animal: lives on fruits, roots,
and vegetables : fleeps by day, feeds by night : the report of its

* Agr'uola An. Subt. 486.

f Rafs Travels, i. 311, Pb, Tr, abridg. v. 147.

darting

I.XXO

7z:'j.

J^r/ti^-t'ru/ a - /n/yy///,

'/////• - i..yr6'.

PORCUPINE. ,23

darting its quills fabulous: when angry, retires and runs its nofe
into a corner, erecls its fpines, and oppofes them to its aflailant:
makes a fnorting noife.

Thefeanimals produce a 5^so^r; but, accordingto5fi5'j,only thofe
which inhabit Java, Sumatra, and Malacca. Thefe Bezoars were
very highly valued, and have been fold for five hundred crowns
apiece. It has alfo been pretended that a ftone was procured
from the head of this animal, infinitely more efficacious than
other Bezoars * ; but this may be placed among the many impo-
fitions of oriental empirics.

Erinaceus Malacenfis. Gm. Lin. 116. Sd. Mus.i,^. 81. tab. 41. fig. i. jij. Malacca.

T) with large pendulous ears: no creft: quills like the preceding,
•^ * with the interftices filled with long hairs, refembling briflles :
eyes large and bright: hair on the legs, and belly covered with
fhort reddifh prickly hairs : toes five in number, which might
determine Linnaus to place this animal among the hedge-hogs.
Inhabits the peninfula of Malacca,

Porcus aculeatas fylveftris, feu Hyftrix Hyftrix cauda longiffima, aculeis undique 316. Lono-

orientalis fingularis. Sd. Muf. i. 84. obfita, in extremo panniculata. £r/^/i tailed.

tab. lii. quad. 8g.

Acanthion cauda prslonga, acutis pUis Hyftrix macroura. H. pedibus pentadac-

horrida, in exitu quafi panniculata. tyiis, cauda longiffima: aculeisdavatis.

Klein quad. 67, Lin./yJ), 77.

Pwith long whilkers: fhort naked ears: large bright eyes:
• body fhort and thick, covered with long fliff hairs as Iharp

* tavernier, ii. 1 54.

R a as

J24 PORCUPINE.

as needles, of different colors, according as the rays of light flUl
on them : feet divided into five toes ; that which ferves as a
thumb turns backwards : the tail is as long as the bodj', very
flendcr to the end, which confifts of a thick tuft: the bridles ap-
pearing as if jointed; are thick in the middle, and rife one out
of the other like grains of rice; are tranlparent, and of a fdvery
appearance.

Inhabits the ifles of the ludiiiii Arc hipdago^ and lives in the foiefls.

3I7. Ura'.ILian. Tlaquatzln. HemanJe^, Mex. 330. H. Cauda longiffima, tenui, medletate ex-

Cuandu. BraJiUenJIbu!, Lujltanis. trema aculeorum experte, 87.

Ourico cachiero. Marcgrave Br.^fd. 233. H. Americanus major, S8.

Pijo Brafil. gg. 325. Hyftrix longius caudatus, brevioribus

Iron Pig. A7e«Zio^', 17. aculch. Barret e France ^I^ijuh. 153.

Hydiix Amenca.nas. Rail /yti.gnaii. 20S. Hyftrix minor leucophKus, Gouandou.

Hyftrix prehenfilis, H. pedibus tetradac- iia:/.

tylis, Cauda elongata prehenfili femi- Chat epineux. Dej Marclais, iii. 303.

nuda. Lin./yJ}. 76.

T) with a (hort blunt nofe: long white whifkers: beneath the
■*■ • nofe a bed of fmall fpines : top of the head, back, fides, and
bafe of the tail, covered wiih fpines ; the longelt, on the lower
part of the back and tail, are three inches in length, very fliarp,
white, barred near their points with black; adhere clofely to the
ficin, which is quite naked between them; are fhorter and weaker
as they approach the belly: on the breafl:, belly, and lower part
of the legs, are converted into dark-brown bridles: feet divided
into lour toeb: claws very long; on the place of the thumb a
grtat protuberance : tail eighteen inches long, fiender, and taper
towards the end; the lalt ten inches is almoft naked, having

only

LXXill.

n./.y/y. /Lf.

cU fuih-C'

j/)/^/.i/Ar/ // ' 'o/rf////9W \.l..'iiy. ■

PORCUPINE. i2|

only a few hairs on it; has, for that length, a ilrong prehenfile
quality.

Inhabits Mexico and Brqfil : and extends to Chili: lives in the
woods : preys not only on fruits, but poultry : ileeps in the dav,
preys by night: makes a noife with its noHrils as if out of breath:
grunts like a fow * : grows very fat : its flefli white, and very good :
climbs trees, but very Howly; in defccnding, twills its tail round the
branches, for fear of falling : is no more capable of fhooting its quills
than the firlT;: may be tamed. Pifo fays there is a greater and Uffcr
kind.

This fpecies is very rarely brought into En-ope. I had op-
portunity of defcribing it from a fpecimen fome time in pof-
feffion of Mr. Greenwood; who was fo obliging as to permit me
to have a drawing made of it, from which a very faithful figure
is here given. M. de Buffon\ has made mention of this animal
in his work; but unjuftly reproaches Marcgrave with confound-
ing it with the Mexican fpecies.

Hoitzlacuatzin, feu TIacuatzin fpinofus, rentibus, cauda brevi ct cyalTo, 5'-^;i 3,8, Mexican

Hyftrix novs HifpaniK. Hernand.i'z, qitnd. 86. 3 • •

Msx. 3? 2. Le Coendu De Bufon, xii. 4: 1 . tah. liv.

H) itrix novs Hifpan'a:. H. aculeis appa-

T) of a dufky color, with very long briflles intermixed with the
-*• * down: the fpines three inches long, llcndcr, and varied
with white and yellow; fcarcely apparent, except on the tail,

* Vocem editut Su<, iii. Marcgrave, 233.

t Under the name of Le Coeudou, xii. 421. tah. liv.

which

126 ■ PORCUPINE.

wliieh is, according to Hcrndndcz, thicker and fliorter tlian lliat of
the preceding fpecies. He adds, that the tail, from the middle
to the end, is free from fpines.
Size* According to Hernandez, it grows to the bulk, of a niiddle-

fized dog. M. de Buffon fays, its length is fixteen or feventeen
inches from the nofe to the tail ; the tail nine, French meafurc, but
taken from a mutilated fkin.
Plage. Inhabits the mountains of A/mfo: lives on the fummer fruits^

and may be eafily made tame. The Indians pulverife the quilJs,
and fay they are very efficacious in gravelly cafes; and, applied
whole to the forehead, will relieve the mofl violent head-ach.
They adhere till filled with blood, and then drop ofi.

■410, CANADAt Porcupine from Hudfons Bay. Eifiu. 52. doHb folo fpinofo. Lin.fyfl. 76.

Ellis's 'VOL /^z.Clcrk's<voy.\. 177. igi. Hyftrix aculeis fub pilis occultis, cauda
Cavia Hudfonis. KUin quad. ^1^ brevi et craffa. Brijpinquad. 87.

Hyftrix dorfata. H. palniis tetradaftylis, L'Urfon, De Biiffon, xii. 426. tab, Iv,
plantis pentadaftylis, cauda mediocri. Lev. Mus.

"P with fliort ears, hid in the fur : head, body, legs, and up-
■*■ • per part of the tail, covered with foft, long, dark brown
hair: on the upper part of the head, back, body, and tail, num-
bers of fharp ftrong quills ; the longeft on the back, the left to-
wards the head and fides; the longeft three inches; but all are
hid in the hair: intermixed, are fome ftiff" ftraggling hairs, three
inches longer than the reft, tipt with dirty white: under fide of
the tail white: four toes on the fore feet, five behind, each
armed with long claws, hollowed on their under fide : the form
of the body is exaftly that of a beaver; but is not half the fize;
3 one,

PORCUPINE.

127

one, which Mr. Banks brought from NezvfotCfuUand, was about
the fize of a hare, but more compaclly made : the tail about fix
inches long.

Thefe animals vary in color. Sir Afiton Lever had one, which
is entirely white.

Inhabits N.America, as high as Hudfori's Bay : makes its neft Plack.

under the roots of great trees, and will alfo climb among the
boughs, which the Indians cut down when one is in them, and
kill the animal by ftriking it over the nofe: are very plentiful
near Hndjons Bay, and many of the. trading Indians depend on
them for food, efteeming them both wholefome and pleafant :
feed on wild fruits and bark of trees, efpecially juniper : eat
fnow in winter, drink water in fummer; but avoid going into
it: when they cannot avoid their purfuer, will fidle towards
him, in order to touch him with the quills, which feem but weak
weapons of offence; for, on Ilroking the hair, they will come
out of the fkin, flicking to the hand. The Indians flick thetn
in their nofes and ears, to make holes for the placing their
ear-rings and other finery: they alfo trim the edges of their
deer-fkin habits with fringes made of the quills, or cover with them
their bark-boxes.

Two

I2S

MARMOT.

XXIX.
MARMOr.

Two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before, five behind.
Short ears, or none.

Tail covered with hair, and of a middUng length; in fome
very Ihort.

320. Alpine. Mas Alpinus. P/;W/ lib, viii. c. n./lgri-
cola An. Suhttr. 484. Gcjner quad. 743.
Rati fyn. quad. 2 2 i .
Glis marmota. Klein quad. 56. Hijl. Mur.

Jl;. 230.
Murmelihier. Kramer Aujlr. 317.
Mus marmota. M. cauda abbrcviata fub-

pilofa, auricuHs-rotundatisjbuccis gib-

bis. Lin.fijl. 81.
Glis pilis e fufco et flavlcante mixtis vef-

titas. GUs fiavicans, capite rufefcente.

Brijon quad. 1 16, I I 7.
La Marmotte. De Buffon, viii. 219. tab.

xxviii.

"J\T with fhort round ears, hid in the fur: cheeks large: color
• of the head and upper part of the body brownifh afh,
mixt with tawny: legs and lower part of the body reddifh: tail
pretty full of hair : length, from nofe to tail, about fixteen inches ;
tail fix : body thick.
Pi-ACE. Inhabits the loftieft fummits of the ^//>5 and Pjvjw^j?^ moun-

tains: feeds on infefts, roots, and vegetables: while they are
at food, place a centinel, who gives a whiftle on feeing any fign
of danger, on which they infl;aHtly retire into their holes : form
holes under ground, with three chambers of the fliape of aY,
with two entrances; line them well with mofs and hay; retire
into them about Michaelmas, and, flopping up the entrances
with earth, continue in a torpid flate till ^nV ; when taken out
remain infenfible, except brought before a fire, which revives
5 them:

U A K M O T; j2a

tliem : they lodge in fociety, from five to a dozen In a chamber :
will walk on their hind feet : lift up their meat to their mouth
with their fore feet, and eat it fitting up: bring three or four
young at a time: are very playful: when angry, or before a
•fiorm, make a moll ftrange noife; a whiftle fo loud and fo acute
as quite to pierce the ear : grow very fat about the backs : are
fometimes eaten; but generally taken in order to be fliewn, efpe-
cially by the Savoyards : grow very foon tame, and will then eat
any thing: are very fond of milk, which they lap, makino- at
the fame time a murmuring noife, expreflive of their fatisfaftion :
very apt to gnaw any cloaths or linen they find : will bite very
iiard.

TlyT with a blunt nofe : fliort rounded ears: cheeks puffed, 321. Quebec.
■*-^^* and of a grey color: face dufky: nofe black: hair on
the back grey at bottom, black in the middle, and the tips
whitiQi : belly and legs of an orange-color : toes black, naked,
and quite divided ; four, and the rudiments of another, on the
fore feet; five behind : tail Ihort, and of a dufky color: was ra-
ther larger than a rabbet.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay and Canada. Mr. Brooh had one alive Placb.

a few years ago ; it was very tame, and made a hiffing noife :
perhaps is the fpecies which the French of Canada call Siffleur.

It has lately been defcribed by Dr. Pallas, under the name of
Mus empetra *.

f Nov. /p. ^uadr.fafi. i. 7j;

VoL« II; S Uaham*

130 MARMOT.

322. MarYlanUi Bahama Cony. Cale/iy CaraUna/n, 79. Glis fufcus. Glis fnCcas, roftro e clnereo

Monax, Catejby Carolina Jfp. xxviii. csrulefcente Brijjhn quad, n , .

Monax, or Marmotte oi America, Edvj. Mus Monax. M. cauda medocri pilofa,

104. corpore cinereo, ajricuiis lubrotundis,

Glis Marmota, Americanus. Klein quaJ. palmistetradaclylis, planus pentadadly.

561 De Buffon, Suppl. iii. 175. lis. Lm.Jyj:, 81.

with fhort rounded ears: black prominent eyes: nofe
fharper than that of the laft : nofe and cheeks of a blueifli
alh-color: back of a deep brown color: fides and belly paler:
tail half the length of the body, covered with pretty long dufky
hair: toes divided, and armed with fharp claws: four toes before,
five behind : feet and legs black : is about the fize of a rabbet.
Place. Inhabits /''zV^md and Fenjylvania: during winter fleeps under

the hollow roots of trees : is found alfo in the Bahama ifles :
lives on wild fruits and other vegetables : its flefh is very good,
tailing like that of a pig: when furprized, retreats to holes in the
rocks : whether it fleeps, during winter, in the climate of thofc
iflesj is not mentioned^

323. Hoar-/. IV/T ^^''^^ *'^^ ^'P °^ ^^^ ^'^^^ black: ears (hort and oval:
XjX» cheeks whitifli : crown dufky and tawny: hair univerfally
rude and long; that on the back, fides, and belly, cinereous at the
root, black in the middle, whitifli at the tip, fo that the ani-
mal has a hoary appearance : legs black : claws duiky ; four be-
fore, five behind : tail black, mixed with ruft- color.
About the fize of the former*^

Inhabits-

MARMOT. 131

Inhabits the northern parts of North America. Defcrlbed from
a fpecimen in theLEVERiAN Museum.

Eobak Swiftch. ^zflf«'«/fi/'o/o«. 233. tab. xviii. __ 324. Bob a K,

Bohak. Beaup/a/i h:Jl . Ukrain, Churchill's Sogar.Rubruquis^sf ravels in Purchas.m.

(oil. i. 600. Forjler hiji. Vclg^, Phil. 6.

iranf. Ivii. 343. De Buffon, xiii. 136. Ardomys. Pallasnov./p.fafc. 1.9. tab, v.

Mwith fmall oval thick ears, covered with greyifh white
* down; with longifh hairs on the edges: eyes fmall:
whlfkers fmall: color about the eyes and nofe dufky brown j
among the whifkers ferruginous : upper part of the body greyifh,
intermixed with long black or dufky hairs, tipt with grey :
throat ruft-colored : reft of the body, and the infide of the limbs,
of a yellowi(h ruft-color: four toes on the fore feet, with a fhort
thumb furnifhed with a ftrong claw: five toes behind: tail fhort,
ilender, full of hair.

Length from nofe to tail fixteen inches; of the trunk of the Size.

tail, about four : the hairs extend an inch beyond the end of the
trunk.

Inhabits the high but milder and funny fides of mountanous Place,

countries, which abound with fiflile or free-ftone rocks: feck dry
fituations, and fuch which are full of fprings, woods, or fand.
They are found in Poland, and the fouth of RiilJla, among the
Carpathian 'WAh; they fwarm in the [//raw^r, about the Borijlheiies,
efpecially between the Sula and Supoy ; and again between the
Borijihenes and the Don, and along the range of hills which ex-
tend to the Folga; they are found about the Taik and other

S 2 neighboring

§M

13* M A R M O T;

neigKboring rivers. Inhabit the fouthern defert in Greai TaV'
tary, and the Altiiic mountains eaft of the Irtis ; ceafe to appear
in Siberia, on account of its northern fituation ; but are found
again beyond lake Baikal, and about the river Argun and lake
Dalay; in the funny mountains about the Lena; and very com-
mon in Kamtjckaika, but rarely reach as high as'/a/. c,^.
Manners. They burrow extremelydeep, and obliquely, to the depth of two,

three, or four yards: they form numbers of galleries with one
common entrance frcm the furface; each gallery ends in the neft
of the inhabitant. Som.etimes the burrbws confill of only one
paffage. They are found in great abundance about the fepul-
chral tumuli, as they find they can penetrate with great facility
in the foft dry earth; but they are very common in the rocky
flrata; and in the mineral part of the Urallian chain, often dire<ft
the miners to the veins of copper, by the fragments which ap-
pear at the mouth of their holes, flung out in the courfe of their
labors. In very hard and rocky places, from twenty to forty of
thefe anitiials join tegether to facilitate the work, and live in fo-
ciety, each with its nefi: at the end of its refpeclive gallery ; but
the fevvefl: galleries are found in the fofteft ground, and very fre-
quently only a fingle one. In each neft they coUecf, efpecially
tOivards autumn, the fineft of hay, and in fuch plenty, that fuffi.^
cieat isfound in one nefi: for a night's food for a horfe.

During the middle and funny part of the day they fport about
the entrance of their holes, but feldom go far from them; oa
the fight of man they retire with a flow pace, and fit upright
near the mouth, and give a frequent whiflle, liflening at the ap-
proach. In places where they live in large families, they al»
4 ways.

M A K M" O -r.

ways place a centinel to give notice of any danger, during the
rime the reft are feeding.

They are very fond of oleraceous plant;s: in a ftate of confine-
ment eat cabbage and bread very greedily, and drink milk with
great eagernefs ; but reftife water, and feem never affefted with
thirft: they are mild and good-natured; never quarrel or fight
about their food in a wild ftate, and when confined, and placed
with others, caught in diftant parts, and ftrangers to them, grow
inftantly familiar with them: then very foon become tame, even
when taken in full age; but the young immediately become fa-
miliar.

The number produced' at a birth is not certainly known, pro-
bably at times eight; the females being furniftied with that
number of teats: they breed early, for in Jv.m the young are
obferved to be of half the fize of the old.

They lie torpid during winter, except thofe which are kept
rame in the ftove-warmed rooms of the country ; and even then,
finding a defecfl of that warmth which the fnug neft of their fub-
terraneous retreat would afford, in cold nights creep for (liclter
into the very beds of the inhabitants; In that ftate they will
not abfolutely refufe food, but eat very little, and that with a
feeming difguft; nature allotting for them, in the wild ftate, a
long fleep and ceflation from food, the refult of plenitude pre-
vious to its commencement. They fometimes efcape from con-
finement, find a retreat, and get their winter's fleep, and return
to their mafter in the fpring;. but lofe much of their gentle
manners.

They grow very fat: the fat is ufed for foftening of leather ;■
the fkins are ufed by the Koreki, people of Jakutks, and the Rtif-

fians.

133

'34

MARMOT.

fans, for cloathing. The Calmucs take them in fmall nets with
large mefhes, placed before their holes. The inhabitants of
Ukraine catch them in May or June, by pouring water into the
holes, which forces them into the nets. In South Rujia they are
deftroyed by means of a log of wood with a weight at top ; the
end direded into a wooden box placed at the mouth of the hole,
which falls as foon as the animal comes out, and opprefles it by
the weight. Their flefh taftes like that of a hare, but is rank.

The Calmucs are very fond of the fat ones, and even efteem them
medicinally: on the contrary, the Mahometan Tartars not only
abftain from their flefli, but even give them protedion; fo that
near the hords they are extremely numerous : thefe Tartars efteem
a warren of Bobaks near them to be very fortunate, and think
it a fm to kill one of them, a fwallow, or a dove; but at the
lame time abominate the following animal.

In Chinefe Tartary they are the propagators of Rhubarb, which
grows among their burrows : the manure which they leave about
the roots contributes to its increafe; and the loofe foil they fling
lip, proves a bed for the ripe feed ; which, if fcattered among the
long grafs, periflies without ever being able to reach the ground.

Mus

Lxxrv'.

MARMOT. ^ 135

Mus Maulinus. Molina Chili, 284. j2r. Ma u line.

with pointed ears : elongated nofe : whilkers difpofed in four
•* rows: the tail longer than that of the common kind: five
toes on each foot; an anomalous dlftin<ftion : hair like the common :
in fize twice as large.

Difcovered in the province of Maule in Chili, in 1764, and Manners.
inhabits the woods: makes a ftout defence ag-ainfl the dogs, which,
conquer it not without difficulty.

MusNoricus aut C\it\\as. Jgrlcol^ A/i. Le Zi(e\. De Buji)!, xv. ijg. 326. Earless,

Suiter. 4.^^, Ge/ner quaJ.y^l.Ra.'iJyn. Le Souflik 144. 195. SufpUm. iii.

quad. 220. igi. lab. xxxL

Ziefel, Schivtnkftlt. Theriotroph. 86. Mus Marmotta. For/ler hiji, ndt. Volga.
Mus citeilus. M. cauda abbreviata, cor- Ph. Tranf. Ivii, 343.

pore cinereo, auriculis nuUis. Lin.fyjl, Mus Citillus. Pallas no'u. /p. fafc. i. i ig.

80. tab. vi. vii. B. Nov. com. Petrop. xiv.

Tfitsjan. le Bruyn 'voy. Mufc. ii. 402". 549. tab. vii.

Cuniculub caudatus, auriculis nullis, ci- Earlefs Marmot. Syn. quad. 276. Cafan

nereus. Brijfon quad. loi. M. — — 272.

with a cinereous face: over each ej'e a white line: teeth
' yellow ; whilkers black and long : no ears : hind part of

* Uii chien courant que j'avois, y prit dans la plaine un petit animal nomme
Ztts-jan, qu'il m'apporta en vie, et un autre peu apres, lefquels je fis 'eventrer,
pour les conferver. C'eft un efpece de rat de campagne, de la grofTeur d'uti
ecureuil, qui a la queue courte, et le poil et la couleur d'un lapreau, auffi bien que
la forme, hors qu'il a la tete plus grofle, et les deux dents de deffous la moitle plus
longues que celles de deflus. II a auffi les pattes de devant plus courtes que celles
de derriere, avec quatre grifes, et une plus petite, et cinque a celles de derriere,
reffemblant aflez a celles d'un finge,

8 the

i36 M A R M O T,

•the head, and whole back, of a pale yellowilli brown; oftea dif-
tindly fpoued with white; fometimes undulated with grey: un-
der fide of the body, and legs, of a yellowifli white.

Tail covered with long hair; brown above, bordered with
black on each fide; each hair tipped with white: under part of
.a bright ruft-color: three middle toes of the fore feet long:
claws long and fliarp : exterior and interior toes Ihort; the lafl:
remote from the others : its claws fliort and blunt,
gj^g^ Length one foot; of the tail, to the end of the hairs, four

inches and a half.

Inhabits Bohemia, JtiJIria, Hungary, and from the banks of the
Volga to India and Perfia ; through Siberia, and Great Tartary, to
Kamtfchatka'*; fome of the intervening ifles, fuch as Kadjak; and
.even the cojitinent oi America itfelf.

Burrows, and forms its magazine of corn, nuts, &c. for its win-
ter food-j- : fits up like a fquirrel while it eats.: fome inhabit the
fields in Siberia, others penetrate into the granaries; the firft form
holes under ground, with a double entrance, where they fleep
.during winter; thofe vvhich inhabit granaries, are in motion dur-
ing the cold feafon. They couple the beginning of May, about
■the Lem, but about AJtracan earlier, and bring from five to eight
joung, which they bring up in their burrows, and cover with
,hay : only one animal inhabits each burrow : the females are al-
ways feparate from the males, except in the coupling feafon:
whiftle like the marmot: are very irafcible; quarrelfome among
themfelves, and bite very hard: fit in multitudes near their holes:
.^re very fond of fait : taken in numbers on board the barges

• Yevradika, or Marmotte minor. Cmdin -voj. Siberia, ii. 448.
•J Raiijj/n, quad. 220,

which

'37

MARMOT.

which are loaden with that commodity sX Solikamfyy and fall
down into the Volga below Cafan,

Are both herbivorous* and carnivorous; feed on plants, and
deftroy the young of fmall birds, and the lefTer mice.

The Bohemian ladies were wont to make cloaks of the fkinsj
we fee them at this time made ufe of for linings, and appear very
beautiful for that purpofe, efpecially the fpotted kind.

T%/r with truncated ears, the apertures large : fhort tail : upper 327. Gukdi.
■^ -*•• fore teeth truncated; lower, flender and pointed: four
toes on every foot, each furnidied with claws: walks on the whole
hind feet as far as the heel : color, teftaceous red.

Size of a fmall rabbet.

Inhabits Barbary towards Mount Atlas, near Majfufin. Defcribed
by the late Mr. Rohtman, a Swede. This account was communi-
cated to me by Mr. Zimmerman . Gtaidi is its Arabic name,
which 1 retain.

Mwlth fliort ears : head and body of a cinereous brown ; the 32S. Ta
• ends of the hairs white : two cutting teeth above % four
below: no tail,

I communicated a drawing of this fpecies to Mr. Bezvick, who
has given an engraving of it at p. 374 of his ingenious perform-
ance. Inhabits Htidfon's Biiy. In the Lever i an Museum.

Vol.. n. T With

ILLESS

138

S Q^ U I R R E L.

XXX.

SQUIRREL.

With two cutting teeth in each jaw.
Four toes before^ five behind.
Long tail, cloathed with long hair.

329. Common, Sciurus. Gefner quad, i^^.Raii/yn. quad.

214.

Wietviorka Rzac^injki Polon. 225.
Eichhorn. Kleii: quaJ. 53.
Sciuriss vulgaris. Sc. auriculis apice bar-
batis, palmi; tetradaCiylis, planus pen-

tadaaylis. Vn. fyfl. 86.
Ikorn, GiaiKUi Faun . futc. ^° ^"j ,
Sciurus rufui quandoque grifeo admixto^

Br£on quad. 104.
L'Ecureuil. De B'ifon, vii.zjS. tab.xxxa,

Br. ZcoJ. i. 93. Lev. Mus.

Q with ears terminated with long tufts of hair: large lively
*^* black eyes: head, body, legs, and tail, of a bright reddifli
brown: breafl and bLlly white: hair on each fide the tail lies
flat. In Szveden, and LapL>!ci* changes in winter into grey. In
many parts of England is a beautiful variety with iiiilk-vvhite
tails.

Inhabits £/i!fo/)^; the northern and temperate parts oi Afia', and
a variety is even found as far fouth as the ille of Ceylon : is a neat,
lively, adtive animal : lives always in woods : in the fpring, the
female is feea purfucd from tree to tree by the males, feigning an
efcape from their embraces. Makes its neft of mofs and dried
leaves, between the fork of two branches : brings three or four
young at a time : has two holes to its neft; ftops up that on the
jfide the wind blows, as Pliny f juftly remarks: lays in a hoard of

Faun. Sutc, and Seheffer La^Ls^^.

f Lii, viii. f. 38.

winter

S Q^ U I R R E L.

winter provifion, fuch as nuts, acorns, &c. ; in fummer, feeds on
buds and young (lioots: is particularly fond of thofc of fir, and
the young cones : fits up to eat, and ufes its. fore-feet as hands :
covers itfelf with its tail: leaps to a furprifing ditlance: when
difpofed to crofs a river, a piece of bark is its boatj its tail the
fail*.

A large kind of grey fquirrel is found about the upper parts of
the river Obi, in the diftrid of Kuznetjk, and is called 'Teleufjkaya
Belka, or the fquirrel of the 'Tcleutian 'Tartars: it is a: large again
as the comiiion grey fquirrels of thofe parts, and is preferred to
them, on account of the filvery glofs of the ikin. Few are fent
into Rufia, the greateft part being fent into China, and fell for 61.
or "jl.Jlerling per thoufand-f,

A white variety is found common in Siberia.

A beautiful black variety about lake Baikal. In the Leve-
RiAN Museum is a moft elegant fpecimen of this kind.

«. White-legged Squirrel. The head, whole upper part of
the body, fides, and toes, of a rcddilh brown: face, nofe, un-
der fide of the neck, belly, f ire legs, infide of the ears and
thighs, white: ears flightly tufted with black: tail long, co-
vered with dufky hairs, much Ihorter than thofe in the Euro-
pean kind. Br. Muf.: by the catalogue, faid to be brought
from Ceylon.

* Raaczixjii, Kh'tn, Scheg'cr, Llnnaus.

t Memerabalia Rujf. Afiat. in Mnller's Samlung. Ruff. vii. 124,

T 2 ScJuru*

139

140 S CL U I R R E L.

330, Ceylon. SciurusZy/i^B/fw, pilisindorfomgrican- Sciurus macrourus, long-tailed Squirrel.

tibus, Ritkkaia didtus a fono. Rail /yn, Ind. Zoo/, tab. i.
quad. 215.

Q with ears tufted with black : nofe fielh-colored : cheeks,
legs, and belly, of a pale yellow : between the ears a yel-
low fpot: forehead, back, fides, haunches, black: cheeks marked
with a bifurcated ftroke of black; under fide red: tail twice as
long as the body, of a light grey, and very bufliy : the part next
the body quite furrounded with hair : on the reft the hairs are
feparated, and lie flat. Is thrice the fize of the European fquirrel.
Inhabits C^'/o^: is called there Dandoelana : alfo Roekea, from
the noife it makes.

331. Abyssinian. Q with a round flefh-colored nofe: hair on the upper part of
^* the body of a rufty black : tail a foot and a half long :
belly and fore feet grey : foles of the feet flefh-colored. Thrice
the fize of an European fquirrel.

Defcribed from Thevenot*, who fays it was bought a.t Moco
from zn JhJJin'uin ; that it was very good-natured, and fportive
like a fquirrel ; would eat any thing except flelb, and would crack
the hardeft almonds. A variety of the above ?

* yoyage dcs Indes Orientalcs, v. 34.

Sciurus

S CL U I R R E L. 141

Sciuruj maximus. Gmelin Lin. i, 149. Grand Ecureuil. Sonnerat, voy, 11. 139. J32, Malabar.

Q with (hort tufted ears: five toes to each foot: inftead of a
*^* thumb to the hind foot, is a fhort excrefcence, with a flat
nail; all the other nails flrong and crooked: tail very full of hair,
and as long as the body : hair long, of a reddifh color, reflecting
gold; a beard of the fame begins under each ear, and turns towards
the body: all the hind part of the body and tail black : is of the
lize of a cat.

Inhabits the mountains of Cardomone which form part of the Place..

Gaitts: is very fond of the milk of the coco nut, which it will
pierce and fuck out on the tree. Its cry is fharp and piercing.

Simntrat voy. ii. 1 40. 3 jj. G i N G i.

Q of a dirty grey color; brighteft on the belly: eyes encompaff-
*^* ed with a whire circle : on each fide of the belly is a white
line which extends along the fhoulders and thighs: tail black:
rather larger than the European kind.
Inhabits Ginzi.

Sonnerat,

142 S CL U I R R E L.

334. Aye. Aye. Somerat,\\. i42.tab. Ixxxviii.

Q with large broad ears, fmooth, fhining, and with feveral long
^* hairs fcattered over ihem: fur fott and fine; of a tawny white,
intermixed with feme long black hairs : the tail is very buOiy,
covered with long hairs, black at their ends, white at iheir bottoms :
five toes to each foot : the two joints of the middle finger of the
fore feet very flcnder ; the thumb of the hind foot furniflied with
a flat nail.
Size. Length eighteen inches; tail of the fame length : burrows under

ground: gocsout only in the night : the eyes fixed: is v?ryfIothful,
and of gentle manners : very fearful : much inclined to fleep ;
and refls with its head between its legs.
Place. \n\\?h\iz Madagafcar : is a very rare animal : takes its name from

its cry, the note of aftonifhment of the natives of that ifland.

33J. Javak. Q black on the upper part of the body; of a light brown on
^* the lower: end of the tail black: on tlie thumb a round
nail.

This brief account leaves me uncertain whether this is not alfo
a variety.

Inhabits Java: difcovercd by "^It. Spar man. Memoirs fociety
sX Gothenhurgh. Dr. Pallas.

S. with

No. LXXV.

Vol II. Page 142.

No. 334.

S CL U I R R E L. 143

Q with tufted ears: head, back, fides, upper part' of the legs 336. Bombay,
*^* and thighs, and tail, of a dull purple: the lower part of
the legs, and thiglis, and the belly, yellow : end of the t il orange:
length, from nofe to tail, near fixteen inches; tail fevenieen.

Inhabits Bombay. DefcriLied from a fluffed fein in Dotilor Hun-
ter's cabinet.

This fpecies extends to Bali/ere, the oppofite part of the
peninfula of Indojlan.

M., de laCepede* gives the defcription and figure of a large
fquirrel which agrees lo much with this, that I fufped it ro be
only a variety. He fays on one iront of the face is a chefnut
fpot, furrounded with orange : in other refpe61s, there is much
agreement, only he makes no mention of the orange at the end of
the tail.

Sciurus Erytlirxus. PaHas Nov. /j>-/a/c, i. 377. Mi/Ur's plates, tab. xlvi. , ,-_ RuD dt.

Q with the ears flightly tufted : color above yellow, mixed
with dufky: below of a blood red inclining to tawny: tail
flender; of the fame color, marked lengthways with a black
ftripe.

* See M.t/e Bujcn, Suppl. vi, 254. tab. Ixli,

Foiir

144 S Q^ U I R R E L.

Four toes on the fore feet ; with a remarkable protuberance in-
ftead of a thumb: five toes on the hind.

Rather larger in fize than a common fquirrel.
Inhabits India.

338. Grey. GreYZ(\\xiTrt\.JoJleIyn''s'voy,Cate/lyCa- Sciuras cinereus. Lin.fyft.lii.

ralina, ii. 74. Smith's loy. 27. Kalnii Sciurus cinereus. Auriculis ex albo fia-

'voy. 95, 310. vicantibus. Briffonquad. 107.

Fox Squirrel. i/zzu/o/:'j Ca;cZ!'«<2, 124. Le Petit-Gris. De Buff on, x. 116. tat.

Sciurus cinereus Virginianus major. Rait xxv. Lev. Mus.
j^n. quad. 215.

Q with plain ears: hair of a dull grey color, mixed with black,
*^* and often tinged with dirty yellow : belly and infides of the
legs white: tail long, bufhy, grey, and ftriped with black. Size
of a half- grown rabbet.

Inhabits the woods of North America, Peru*, and Chili f; are
very numerous in North America; do incredible damage ro the
plantations of Mnc:,; runup the ftalks, and eat the young ears ;
defcend in vaft flocks from the mountains, and join thofe that in-
habit the lower parts ; are profcribed by the provinces, and a re-
ward of three pence per head for every one that is killed ; fuch a

• ChiiichUks are fmall beads, like fquirrels, with wonderful fmoothe and fofc
Ikins, whicii they weare as a healthfull thing to comfort the ftomacke ; they make
coverings and rugs of the haire of thefe Chitckilks, which are found on the Surre of
Peru. Acofta in Purchai'i Pi'g. iii. 966.

f Ovalle, in his hiftory of Chile, fays, that the grey or a(h-color"d f]uirrels, of
the valley of Gas/w, are valuable for the furs. ChurthUi's Coll. vol. iii. 44.

number

.XK\T.

//./.

/. .///u/m'//.) ^/jay . ^y////rf/ • ^ ■i4l.

■Z. M/r,r/^. 1:3

3jg .

3//rry ^.

SQUIRREL. ,45

number was deftroyed one year, that Penjylvania alone paid in
rewards 8coo/. of its currency.

Make their nefts in hollow trees, with mofs, ftraw, wool, &c
Feed on the mayz in the feafon, and on pine-cones, acorns, and
mafts of all kinds Form holes under ground, and there depolit
a large {lock of winter provifion. Delcend from the trees and
viiit their magazines when in want of meat; are particularly
bufy at the approach of bad weather; during the cold feafon
keep in their nefts for feveral days together; feldom leap from
tree to tree, only run up and down the bodies; their hoards often
dtflroyed by fwine; when covered wiih deep fnow, the fquirrels
often perilh for want of food; are not eafily fhot, nimbly chang-
ing their place, when they fee the gun levelled ; have the adions
of the common fquirrel ; eafily tamed ; their flefb efteemed very
delicate. The furs which are imported under the name of petit^
grii are valuable, and ufed as luiings to cloaks.

Quahtechalotl-thlitic. Hemani/ez Msx, L'EcureuU noir. Sz-^wywrt/. loj. ,,- Black

^%z. Hernandez Nov. Hijp.i. Sciurus niger, Z,/«._^_/?. 86. Lev. Muj. '

Black Squirrel, Catefly Car. ii. 73.

Swith plain ears : fometimes wholly black, but often marked
• with white on the nofe, the neck, or end of the tail : the
tail fhorter than that of the former : the body equal.

Inhabits the North of JJia, North America, and Mexico. I

Ihould have placed it as a variety of the laft fpecies, did not Mr.

Vol. II. U Catejbj

,46 S Q^ U I R R E L.

Catejhy cxprefsly fay, that it breeds and aflbciates in feparate-
troops; is equally numerous with the former; commits as great
ravages among the May% ; makes its neft in the fame manner,
and forms, like them, magazines for winter food.

A fquirrel of a moft beautiful lliining black color, is found at-
ihe Pulo Condore, in lat. 8. 40.

p. SojJiRREL, with plain ears : coarfe fur, mixed with dirty white,,
and black, but varies to white: throat, and infide of the legs
and thighs, black : tail much (horter than thofe of fquirrels
ufually are: of a dull yellow color, mixed with black: body
of the fize of the grey fquirrel. Lev. Mus.

Inhabits Virginia; defcribed from Mr. Knaphans colledion j
who told me that the planters called it the Cat Squirrel.

340. Madaoas- O with plain ears: colorof the face, back, fides, tail, and outfide of
CAR. J^^ thelimbs, of adark glofly black : ears, end of thenofe, cheeks,

and all the under fide of the limbs, yellowifli white. The length
of this fpecies from the tip of the nofe to the origin of the tail, is
about eighteen inches : the tail is longer than the body, flender,
and ends in a point.

Inhabits Madagafcar: defcribed by M. de la Cepede, in his fupple-
ment to M» de Buffon, vii. 256. tab. Ixxiii.

S. with

S Q„ U I R R E L, 147

with plain ears: fmaller than the European: marked along 341. Hudson'*

Bat.

, the middle of the back with a ferruginous line from head
to tail : the fides paler : belly of a pale afh-color, mottled with
black : tail not fo long, or fo full of hair, as the common kind ;
of a ferruginous color, barred with black, and towards the end is
a broader band of the fame color. Lev. Mus.

Inhabits the pine-forefts about the Bay, and Terra de Labrador.

a. Carolina * Squirrel, with the head, back, and fides grey,
white, and ruft-colored intermixed : belly white, divided from
the colors of the fides by a ferruginous line : lower part of the
legs red: tail brown, mixed with black, and edged with
white.

Thefe are rather leflfer than the European fquirrels : vary in
the colors : in moil: the grey predominates.

Quauhtecollotlquapachtli. Hernandez Nov. Wfp, 8, j^Z, Varied.

Le Coquallin. De Buffhn, xiii. 109. tab, xiii.

Swith plain ears : upper part of the body varied with black,
• white and brown : the belly tawny f : twice the fize of the
common fquirrel.

* LefierGrey Squirrel of the old edition.
t Called by the Indians, Coztiocotejuallin, or Yellow Belly.

U t Inhabits

148 S CL U 1 R R E L.

Inhabits Mexico : lives under ground, where it brings fortli its
young, and lays in a flock of winter food : lives on mayz : is-
never to be tamed.

Thefe probably vary in fize : I have feen one that feemed to
be of this fpecies, but not fuperior in fize to the common fquir-
rel : the colors were brown, orange, and cinereous : the belly
orano-e.

343. Fa I K, Sclurus flavus. Sc. auriculis fubrotundis, pedibus pentadaflylis, corpore luteo. !/>.►

Jjl/i. hi), Amcen, Acad. i. 561.

Q with the body and tail of a flaxen color: of a very fraall
^* fize, with plain round ears, and rounded tail.

Inhabits the woods near Amadahad, the capital of Guzarat, in
great abundance, leaping from tree to tree *. Linnatis fays it is
an inhabitant of South Atmyica.-

344. Brasilian. Sciurus Brarillenfis ? Marcgraue Braftl. 107.

330. Sciurus aeftuans. Sc. grifeus, fubtus fla*
Sciurus coloris ex flavo et fufco mixti velceiis. Lin./^J}. 88.
taenii* in lateribus albis. Br'Jfon quad.

Swith plain ears, and rounded tail : head, body, and fides,
• covered with foft dufky hairs, tipt with yellow : tail round-
ed : the hairs annulated with black and yellow: throat cinere-

• L'Ecureuil blond. Dtlla Valle, p. 84.

S Q^ U I R R E L. r49

oils: infide of the legs, and the belly, yellow: the belly divided
lengthways with a white line ; which begins on the breaft, is
interrupted for a fmall fpace In the middle, and is then continued
to the tail: length, from nofe to tail, eight inches one quarter:
tail ten.

Inhabits Brajil znd Guiana. Mr, Fandeck, captain of a man of
war in the Portuguefe fervice, who procured them from their fec-
tlements in S, America, favored me with two.

Tlalmototli. //■(•rwaWfx Nov. Hifp. q, Muf. i. 76. tab xlvii. fig. 2, i.BuJftn 345. Mexican.

Sciurus rarifliraus ex Nov. Hifpania. Seb, quad. 10.5.

of a moufe-color: the male marked on the back with
• feven white lines, which extend along the tail; the female,
with only five : the tail of the male divided into four parts at
the end : perhaps accidentally : its fcrotum pendulous, like a
goat's.

Inhabits New Spain. Seba, in tab. xlviii. f:^. 5 has the figure of
another, of an uniform color, diflinguifhed aUb by its \d.^ fcrotum.

Muftela Africana. Clus. Exot. 112, Raii Sc. palmarum. Sc. coloris ex rufo et ni- ,.5 Palm.

_/>'«. f»W. 2 1 6i- gro mixti, tssniis in dorlb flavicaiuibus.

Sciurus palmarum. Sc. fubgrifeus ftriis Bii£Qi] quad. 109.

tribus flavicantibus, caudaque alboni- Le Palmifte. De Buffon, x. 126. tab,
groque lineata. Lin./yji. 8ti. xxvi.

Swith plain ears : an obfcure pale yellow ftripe on the middle
• of the back, another on each fide, a third on each fide of

the

150 S a U I R R E L.

the belly ; the two laH; at times very faint : reft of the hah- on
the fides, back, and head, black, and red, very clofely mixedi
that on the thighs and legs more red : belly, pale yellow : hair
on the tail does not lie flat, but encircles it ; is coarfe, and of a
dirty yellow, barred with black. Autliors defcribe this kind
with only three ftripes : this had five, fa poffibly they vary.

Governor Loten did me the favor of informing me that it
lived much in the Coco trees, and was very fond of the fury, or
palm-wine, which is procured from the tree ; from which it ob-
tained, among the Indians, the name oi Suricalsje, or the little
cat of the Smy *'.

According to Clufius and Mr. Ray, this fpecies does not ereft
its tail like other fquirrels, but has the faculty of expanding it
fideways.

j4'7. White- ^' Barbart. Sclurus getulus. Cati quad. ^^. Brijfon quaJ. log,

STRiyiD. of:</c, y' . Gejher quad, iij^-j. Barbarian iquirrel £./■!<.■. I gb.

Sc. getuius. Sc. fufcus ftriis quatuor albis Le Barbarelque. De Buffon, x. 126.
longitudinalibus. Lin, Jyft. 87. Klein tab. xxvii.

Q widi full black eyes and white orbits: head, body, feet, and
tail, cinereous, inclining to red: lighteft on the legs 4
fides, marked lengthways with two white ftripes: belly white:
tail bufhy, marked regularly with fliades of black, one beneath
the other : fize of the common fquirrel.

* See the procefs of obtaining this liquor In Rumphius's herbarium Ambolnenfe,
vol. i. p. 5. The tree is engraved in tab. i. ii.

Both

S Q_ U I R R E L. 151

Both thefe fquirrels inhabit Barbary and other hot countries:
live in trees, efpecially palms, from which one takes its name.

'T'^HIS fpecies refembles much the common fqiiirrel, but is 348- Pi-aktanb.

•*" Hghter colored, and has a yellow hne extending along the
fides, from leg to leg.

Common in Java and Prince's ifland; is called by the Malayes,
Ba-djing ; lives much on Plantanes ; is very fliy j retreats at the
fight of mankind, and clatters over the dry leaves of the Pitang
or Plantanes with vaft noife. It alfo is common on the tamarind
trees.

A.vvith membranes from fore leg to hind leg.

Sciurus Sagitta. Sc hypochondiiis pro- fuperiore, in inferiore vcro eximie fla- 349. Sailing.

lixis vclitans, Cauda plano-pinnata Ian- vefcentis ; cute ah anticis criiribus ad

Qeoizx.?L.Lin.fyJ}.a. poftica membranas in modum extenia

Sciarus petaurifta. Pailas Mi/el. Zool. volans. Brijpjn qia.i. 12.

54. tah. vi. Le Taguan on grand Ecurcuil volant. De

Sciurus maximusvolans, feu fclis volans. Bujj'on, Suppl. iii. 150. tab. xxi. Mu/.

Sc. caftanei coloris, in parte corporis Roy. Society *.

with a fmall rounded head: cloven upper lip: fmall blunt
» ears : two fmall warts at the outmoft corner of each eye,

* Where there is the fkin of one in fine prefervation.

with

'5*

S Q. U I R R E L.

with hairs growing out of them: neck (hort: four toes on the
fore feet; and inftead of a thumb, a flender bone, two inches
aiid a half long, lodged under the lateral menbrane, fcrving to
ftretch it out : from thence to the hind legs extends the mem-
brane, which is broad, and a continuation of the ikin of the fides
and belly, the meir.brane extends along the fore legs, and
ftretches out near the joint in a winged form: five toes on the
hind feet, and on all t'le toes fliarp, compreired, bent claws: tail
covered with long hairs, difpofed horizontally: color of the head,
body, and tail, a bright bay j in fome parts inclining to orange:
bread and belly of a yellowiQi white: length, from nofe to tail,
eighteen inches •, tail fifteen.

Inhabits Java*, and others of the Indian illands: leaps from
tree to tree as if it flew: will catch hold of the boughs + with
the tail. Differs in fize : that defcribed by Linnaus was the fize
of our fquirrel : that killed by Sir Edward Michelbourne, in one
of the Indum ifles, was greater than a hare. Nieuhoff de-
fcribes this fpecies under the name of the Flying Cat, and fays
the back is black : he has given two very good figures of itj
one in his frontifpiece, the other in the page he defcribes it in J.

• Hamilton's vay. ii. 131.

+ Sir Eii'ward Michelbourne' s voy, in Purchai'i Pilgrim, i. 134.

J Churchill' t toll. \\. 354.

Greatei

LXSNlTt.

/J2,.

./a///?^y ' /^f// r/'c/ ^ /.

JAQ-

S CL U I R R E L. 253

Greater Flying Squirrel. P^. 7>. Ixii, 379. 350. Severn Ri,

ver;

(O with back, and fides of a deep cinereous color at the bot-
*^» torn ; end ferruginous : under fide of the body of a yel-
lowifli white; the hair every where long and full: tail covered
with long hairs, difpofed in a lefs flat way than thofe of the Eu-
ropean kind ; brown on the upper part, darker at the end, yel-
lowiQi beneath the fkin : the inftrument of flying difpofed from
leg to leg ; but does not border the fore-legs.

Size equal to the European fquirrel. Size.

Inhabits the fouthern parts of Hudfons Baj, about Severn river. Place.

Muf. Roy. Society,

Aflapanick. Smith's Vi-glnia, 27. J»f- u ^zi. ta6. i. DuPratz. ii. 6g, _ _ jji. Flying.

/e/yn's 'voy. 86. De Laet, 88. Sciurus volans. Sc. hypochondriis prolixis
Sciurus Americanus volans. Raiijyn.quad. volitans, cauda roiundata. Lin. fyft, 88.

z\^. Laiu/oti's Carolina, 124. Catejby Sciurus volans. .5r^«j«fl</. I lO. iii. No.

Carolina, i\. 76, 77. Ed-w, 191. Kalm, 12. Lev. Mus.

Swith round naked ears: full black eyes: a lateral mem-
• brane from fore to hind legs : the fore legs for the moft
part clear of the membrane : tail with long hairs difpofed hori*
zontally, longeft in the middle, and ending in a point: color
above, a brownifli afli : beneath white, tinged with yellow. Much
lefs than the common fquirrel.
Vol. II. X . Inhabits

154 S Q. U I R R E L.

Inhabits North America and Nezv Spain * : lives in hollow trees r
fleeps in the day; during the night very lively; is gregarious,
numbers being found in one tree : leaps from bough to bough
fometimes at the diftance of ten yards: this adion improperly
called flying, for the animal cannot go in any other direftion
than forward ; and even then cannot keep an even line, but
finks confiderably before it can reach the place it aims at: fen-
fible of this, the fquirrel mounts the higher, in proportion to the-
diftance it wifhes to reach : when it would leap, it ftretches out
the fore legs, and extending the membranes, becomes fpecifi-
Gally lighter than it. would otherwife be; and thus is enabled to-
fpring further than other fquirrels that have not this apparatus.
When numbers leap at a time, they feem like leaves blown oflT
by the wind. Their food the fame as the other American fquir-
rels: are eafily tamed : bring three or fjur young at a time.

352

ISLE

Norfolk- Sioddale'rBoi',Bay,i^z. White, 2%^.

Q with very Ihort ears, almoft hid in the fur: color very much
^' refembling that of the American grey fquirrel ; a black line
extends from the head along the middle of the back to the tail:
the flying membrane black, edged with white: two thirds of the
tail aie of an elegant afli-color; the reft black: fize of the
American grey fquirrel.
Inhabits Norfolk ijJe.

* Where it is called ^hnichpatlan. Hernandez, N011. Hi/p. 8.

S Q^ U I R R E L.

In the ifle oi Pulo Condor e is a fl5'ing fquirrel ftripcd with brown
and white: poffiblya new fpecies.

155

Sciurus Virginianus volans. Seb. Muf, i. tab. xliv. Brijfon quad, iii,
Mus volans. Lin.fyfi. 85.

Swith the lateral membrane beginning at the chin and ears,
* and extending Hke the former from fore to hind leg : red-
di(h above; cinereous, tinged with yellow, beneath: ears large
and oval.

Inhabits Virginia, according to Seha ; who is the only author
who has defcribed it. Linnaus'% fynonyms, from Ray and Ed~
"wards, erroneous.

353. Hooded.

Mus Ponticus vel Scythicus. Ge/ner quad, volitans, cauda rotundata. Lm, Jyjl.

743- .^^•

Sciurus Petaurifta volans. J(f/«/« jj^ai/. 54. Sciurus Sibiricus volans. Brijfon, iio*

Flying fquirrel. Ph. Tranf. abr. ix, 76. No. 13.

tab. V. Le Poulatouche. De Buffhn, x. 95. tab.

Sciurus volans. Faun. fuec. No. 38. Pal- xxii.

ias,Kt'v. fp.fafc.'x. li,^. Qiiadrupes volatilis Ruffiie. Com. acad.

Sc. volans Sc. hypochondriis prolixis i'f/rc/. v. 218. Lev. Mus.

354. European
Fl. S<4;

C with naked ears, indented on the exterior fide: full eyes:
*^* eyelids bordered with black : membranes extend to the
very bafe of the fore feet, and form a large wing on the exte-
rior fide: tail full of hair, and round at the end : color of the

X 2 vpper

156 S Q_ U I R R E L.

upper part of the body a fine grey, like that on a gull's back t
lower part of a pure white.
Size. From nole to tall four inches and a quarter; of the tail to the

tip of the hair, five.
Place. Inhabits Finlcmd o.nd Laplmd, and the i?7//^(;??i dominions, from

Livonia to the river Kolyma or Kowyma, in the N. E. part of Si-
beria, and is common in all the mountanous wooded trads of
that cold region : lives ufually on birch-tree buds and frudtifica-
tions, and on the cones of the pines and cedars: is not grega-
rious, and leads a folitary life, and wanders about even in win-
ter: lives in hollow trees, and makes its nefl in the mofs of birch-
trees: when at reft, it flings its tail over its back ; but in leaping,
extends it.
Names. The Germans call it Konige der Grauzverke* , or King of the

Squirrels; the Rt'JJians, Polatucha, and Letaga; the FoleSt Wiei'^
viorka Lataiaca*

* Kkin.

Two

DORMOUSE.

157

Two cutting teeth in each Jaw.
Four toes before: five behind.
Naked ears.
Long tail, covered with hair.

XXXT.

DORMOUSE.

Moufe fquirrel. Joffclyii's 'vov. 86.
Ground fquirrel. Law/on Carolina, 124.

Catejly Carolina, ii. 75. Edw. iSi.

Kalm, i. 32,'. tab. i.
Sciurus Lijieri. Raii fyn. quad. 216.
Sciurus minor virgatus. Nov. Com. Petrop.

V- 344-
Boern-doeikie. Le Brun, voy. Mo/cov. 11.

342-

Sciurus ftriatus. Sc. flavus ftriis quinque
fufcis longitudinalibus. Lin. fyft. 87.
Klein quad. 53. Pallas nov. J'p fafc. i.

Sciurus Carolinenfis. BriJJbn qual.
Le Suiffe. De Bir-on, x. I 26. tab. xxviii.
Charlevoix Nouv, France, v. 1 98. Lev.

Mus.

35J. Stripedo

TPV with plain ears: ridge of the back marked with a black
^-^* ftreak: each fide with a pale yellow ftripe, bounded
above and below with a line of black : head, body, ami tail, of
a reddiOi brown •, the tail the darkeft : breaft and belly white :
nofe and feet pale red : eyes full.

Inhabits the north of JJia, beginning about the river Kama,
and grows more and more frequent in the woody parts of Sibe-
ria ; but found in the greateft abundance in the forefts of Norlh
America: they never run up trees except purfued, and find no
other means of efcaping : they burrow, and form their habitations
under ground with two entrances, that they may get accefs to the
one, in cafe the other is flopped up. Their retreats are formed with
great fkill, in form of a long gallery, with branches on each fide,
each of which terminates in an enlarged chamber, as a magazine
4 to

Place.

Manners^

MAGAZiKEl*

DORMOUSE.

to (lore their winter provifion in; in one they lodge the acorns,
in another the mayz, in a third the hickery nuts, and in the lafl:,
their favorite food, the clviiquaphi chefnut. They very feldoni
ftir out during winter, at left as long as their provifions laft ;
but if that fails, they will dig into cellars where apples are kept,
or barns where mciyz is ftored, and do a great deal of milehief ;
but at that time the cat deftroys great numbers, and is as great
an enemy to them as to mice.

During the mayz harveft, thefe animals are very bufy in biting
off the cars, and filling their mouths fo full with the corn,
that their cheeks are quite diflended, having pouches in their
jaws like the hatujier. It is obfervable, that they give great pre-
ference to certain food; for if, after filling their mouths with
rye, they happen to meet with wheat, they fling away the firft,
that they may indulge in the laft. They are very wild, bite fe-
verely, and are fcarcely ever tamed: the fkins are of little ufe;
but are fometimcs brought over to line cloaks.

, _ G\h. Gifiiet-qua:/. ^^o.Raii/yn.guaJ.zzg. Sciurus Glis. Sc. canus fnbtus albidas.

350. !• AT. Qi;^ vulgaris. KIe!n qiia.i. 56. Lin.fyjl. 87,

Glis fupra obi'cure cinereus, infra ex albo Le Loir. Dc Buffon, viii. 158. tab. xxiv.

cinerefcente. BriJJhn quad. 1 13. Mus Gils. Pallas nov.fp.fa/c. i. 88.

with thin naked ears: body covered with foft afli-colored
'• hair: belly whitifti: tail full of long hair: from nofe to
tail, near fix inches; tail four and a half: thicker in the body
than the fquirrel.

Inhabits France and the fouth of Europe. Is found in the
woods in the fouth-weft parts of Rnffia, and was difcovered by

Doftor

DORMOUSE. 159

Doftor Pallas in the rocky caverns about the rivers Samara and
Volga. The late Dodor Kramer favored me with one from Au-
Jlria. Lives in trees, and leaps from bough to bough: feeds on
fruits and acorns: lodges in the hollows" of trees: remains in a
torpid ftate during winter, and grows very fat»

'Tot a mihi donnitur hyems, et pingiiior illo
Tempore fum, quo me nil niji fomnus alit*.

Was efteemed a great delicacy by the Romans, who had their
Gliraria, places conftrucled to keep and feed them in. 1 think,
that the Italians at prefent eat them^

Mus avellanarum major. G</Sr?ry»fli/. 735. Mus quercinus. M. canda elongata pilo- 357. Gardew.
Greater Dormoufe, or Sleeper. Raiijyn. fa, macula nigra fub oculos. Lin. fyjl.

quad. 2ig. 84.

Glis fupra obfcure cinereus, infra e.\- albo Le Lerot. Be Buffon, viii. 181. tab. xxv.

cinerefcens, macula ad oculos nigra. Mus nitedula. Pallas, iwv.fp.fafc, i. 88.

Brijpin juaii. 1 1 4.

T^ with the eyes furrounded with a large fpot of black, reach-
•*~^* ing to the bafe of the ears, and another behind the ears :
head and whole body of a tawny color : the throat and whole
under fide of the body white, tinged with yellow: the tail longr
the hairs at the beginning very fhort ; at the end bufliy : length,
from nofe to tail, not five inches : the tail four.

Inhabits France and the fouth of Europe: is found in mag-
pies nefts and hollow trees about the Folga, and other temperate

• MarlialEpig. LiLxVn.Ep. 59.

and

i6o DORMOUSE.

and foutliein parts of the RuJTmh dominions. Neither tliis nor the
former fpecies extend beyond the UraUan mountains: infcfts gar-
dens, and is very deftrudive to fruits of all kind : is particu-
larly fond of peaches: lodges in holes in the walls: brings five
or fix young at a time : like the former, remains torpid during
winter; has a ftrong fmell, like a rat.

358. Dec us. SciurusDegus. Molina Chili, 284.

of a dull white color, and with a blackifh line crofs the
'• fhoulders, reaching to the elbows: the tail ending in a
tuft: ears rounded: larger than the common rat.
Manjjers. Inhabits Chili, and lives under ground, near the hedges and

buflies ; and forms its retreat into various galleries communica-
ting with each other: feeds on roots and fruits, and lays up a large
provifion of them for winter food. Is not torpid during chat
feafon like our dormoufe.

359. Common. Mus avellanarum minor, the Dormoufe licibus pofticis muticls. Lix. Jyjl. 83.

or Sleeper. Raii fyn. quad. 220. Faun./uec, No. 'i'^- Pallas nov.Jp.fa/c.

Rothe Wald Maufs. Kramer Jujiria, 317. i. 89.

Glis fupra rufus, infra albicans. Brijfon Le Mufcardin. De Buffan, viii. 193. tab,

quad. XX vi.

Mus avellanarius. M. Cauda elongatapi- Dormoufe. Ediu. 266. Br, Zool. i. 95.

lofa, corpore rufo, gulaalbicante, pol- Lev. Mus.

T^ with round naked ears: full black eyes: body of a tawny
^^ * red: throat white: fize of a moufe, but plumper: tail two

inches

DORMOUSE. i6i

inches and a half long, and pretty hairy, efpecially towards the

end.

Inhabks Europe : lives in thick hedges: makes its neft in the
hollow of a low tree, or in a thick bufh near the bottom, of
grafs, mofs, or dead leaves: brings three or four young at a
time: feldom appears far from its retreat: forms magazines of
nuts: eats its food fitting up, like a fquirrel: at approach of
winter, retires and rolls itfelf up, lying torpid : fometimes in a
warm day revives, takes a little food, and relapfes into its former
ftate.

Dwith a flat head, obtufe nofe, eyes full and black, upper lip j^o. Earless.
• bifid.

Auricles very minute, fcarcely apparent : long whifkers.

Head, back, fides, and front of the fore legs, pale ferruginous,
mixed with black : from Ihoulder to hind parts, on each fide, a
white line : above each eye another : belly and feet of a dirty
white.

Tail black in the middle; hoary on the fides.

Toes long and diftimfl : the knob on the fore feet large: claws
very long.

Hind legs black behind, and naked.

Size of a common fquirrel, but much broader and flatter. Size.

800 miles above the Cape of Good Hope, about the mountain Place.

Sneeburgh. Communicated by Sir Jofcph Banksm
Vol. II. Y Never

i62 DORMOUSE.

Mannerj. Never climbs trees: burrows, feeds on bulbous roots, and Js

particularly fond of potatoes : walks often on its hind feet ; and
often lies flat on its belly: very tame, and never offers to bite :
frequently flirts up its tail: makes a warm nefl, and forms in k
a round hole, in which it lodges, and pulls to the orifice a quan-
tity of materials, in order to clofe it : keeps fometimes in its
retreat for three entire days.

361. Gilt-Tail. Le Lerot a queue doree. Anamand Supplan. iv. 164. tab. Ixvii.

T^ with (liort broad cars, great whifcers, the face marked
•*^* lengthways with a gold color line extending from the
Size. nofe to the fpace between the ears. The reft of the head and

whole body and beginning of the tail are a purplilh chefnut color.
Place. the remaining half of the tail is black: the reft of a beautiful gold

color. The tail is thick about the bafe.

Length from nolc to tail is five inches j of the tail fix and nine
lines.

Inhabits Surinc.nu Lives on fruits and climbs up the
trees.

tiuERLiMcuETS. M^ A U Cepcde '''■ gives us the defcription of two fpecies of

animals, which he calls Guerli/iguels. He denies that they are
true fquirrels: the ears are naked, and the tail grows taper,
yet is covered with long hair, but by no means difpofed like

• Supplem. &c vii. 261. tab. Ixv. Ixvi.

that

j6z.

i.srxnx.

,/£;

//A ^r/// _L-/ ^o/f//f>fy.ie

.a:^6).

DORMOUSE. 163

that on the tail of the fquirrel : they may come into this genus;
at left let them remain here till we are better informed.

The larger is between feven and eight inches long, exclufive 352. Greatei,
of the tail : the tail is of equal length : the hair on the body
is very fhort, and at its extremity a bright bay. The tail is rayed
with brown and tawny.

The lefler is little more than four inches long : the tail little 363. Lejjer.
more than three : the body, legs, and tail, are clouded with olive
and alh-color: o the face, lower part of the belly, and fides of
the legs are tawny.

y 2 Two

i64 JERBOA.

XXXIT. Two cutting; teeth in each jaw.

JERBOA. ^ ri r 1 ■ i u- j i

•' Two ver)' ihort fore legs: two very long hind legs, re»

fcmbling thofe of cloven-footed water-fowl.

Very long tail, tufted at the end.

564. -'Egyptian. M"-'? iJitk':- 'Theophr. apufc. 29;. ^Uan palmisfubpentada£iyIis,femoribusJrm.

hij], an. lib XV. c. 26. giflimis, bpachiis breviffimis. Lin. /yft%

Mas bipes. Plinii lib.x. c,6^. Texiira's 85,. Hr.Jfelquifl ithi. 198.

'■fra-'ceh, 21. Lejeibo. DeBuffn,xi\i.\^\.

Gerbua. Ei/tu.2l(). Plaifed's journal, 59. iMus fagitta. Pallas r.ov.Jp.fafc. i. 3o6»

Mus jaculub. M. Cauda elongata floccola, tab. xxi.

J with thin, creA, and broad ears: full and dark eyes: long
' whiflcers: forelegs an inch long; five toes on each; the
inner, or thumb, fcarce apparent ; but that, as well as the reft,
furniQied with a fliarp claw : hind legs two inches and a quarter
long, thin, covered with fliort hair, and exadly refembling
thofe of a bird ; three toes on each, covered above and below
with hair; the middle toe the longeft; on each a pretty long
fiiarp claw : length, from nofe to tail, feven inches and one quar-
ter: tail ten inches, terminated with a thick black tuft of hair;,
the tip white J the reft of the tail covered with very fhort coarfe
hair: the upper part of the body thin, or comprelTed fideways:
the part about the rump and loins large: the head, back, fides,
and thighs, covered with long hair, afh-colored at the bottom,
pale tawny at the ends: breaft and belly whitifli: acrofs the up-
per

JERBOA. 165

pfr ptirt of the thighs is an obfcure dulky band : the hair long
and foft.

Inhabits Mgypt, Barhary, Palejline, the deferts between Baf- Place.

fora and Aleppo, the fandy trafts between the Don and Folga, the
hills fouth of the Iriip, from fort Jamyfchera to the feven palaces,
where the Mtaic mountains begin : as fingular in its motions as
in its form: always flands on its hind feet; the fore feet per-
forming the office of hands: runs faft ; and when purfued, jumps
five or fix feet from the ground: burrows like rabbets: keeps
clofe in the day : fleeps rolled up : lively during night : when
taken, emits a plaintive feeble note: feeds on vegetables: has
great ftrength in its fore feet. Two, which I faw living in London,
burrowed almoft through the brick wall of the room they were
in; came out of their hole at night for food, and when caught,,
were much fatter and flecker than when confined to their box.

This is the Daman Ifrael, or the Lamb of the Ifraelites of the
Arabs, and is fuppofed to be ihc Saphan*, the coney of Holy-
Writ: our rabbet being unknown in the Holy Land. Dr. Sbaw
met with this fpecies on mount Libmus, and diftinguiQies it
from the next fpecies f. It is alfo the moufe oi IfaiahX, Achbar
in the original fignifying a male Jerboa.

This and the following fpecies, which is found to extend to the

* Bochart difphys a vaft deal of learning on the fubjeft. Vide Hierozokon, lih^
in. c. 33. /. looi.

t Tra'veh, 376.

X Chap. Ixvi. 17. Bochart, 1015. This animal was a forbidden food with the
Jfraelita,

colder

i66 JERBOA.

colder regions, on any approach of cold grow torpid, and remain
io till they are revived by a change of weather. Pallas calls this
clafs the Species Lethargide.

365. Siberian. Cuniculus pumilio fallens cauda longif- Dipus Jaculus. Gm.Lin. 1J7.

fima. 'Nov. Com. Petrop. V. 3 5 1 . tab. ix. Flying hare. Sirahlenbergs hiji. Rujf. 3 70.

fg. I. Mus jaculus. Pal'as nov./p.fa/c.'u zj^.

Cuniculus pumilio faliens, cauda anoma- tab. xx. Mus. Lev.
lalorgiflima. BriJ/bn quad. 103.

a. Great. T^TOSE truncated; end edged with white: lower teeth Header;
■*■ ^ twice as long as the upper.

Ears large, pointed, tipt with white, naked within : hairs on
the back tawny, of a dark grey beneath, very foft : legs and
whole under fide of the body white: half the tail next to the
body covered with fliort whitilh hairs; from thence, with long
black hairs i the end has a large white feathered tuft an inch long.

Five toes on the fore feet; the toe without a nail.

On the hind legs, an inch above the feet, are two long toes
armed with nails: the back part of the legs naked.

Length eight inches and a half; of the tail ten.
Place. This variety is no where very frequent, but is chiefly found

from the Cafpian fea to the river Irtip}.

0. Middle. Of the fize of a rat: of the color of the former, except that

the rump on each fide is crofled with a white line.

This middle fpecies is found only in the eaftern deferts of Si-
beria and Tartary, beyond lake Baikal; alfo in Barbary* and
Syria-\, and even as far as India %.

• Sha-w") Travels. f HaynCs Ttfaro Brit. ii. p. and tab. 124. % Pallas.

Differs

LXXX.

//Va

'li/^aJi'Hl ^cuX^ -

'/■/v /y^/ //

?f//,'fi _. )..y^>.

J E R I^ O A. J67

Differs from the Great, in wanting the white circle round the y. Pvgmy.
nofe, in having a lefs tuft to the tail, and the end juft tipt with
white: agrees entirely in form; but is far inferior in fize to even
the Middle. Inhabits the fame places with the Great.

Thcfe three agree in manners: burrow in hard ground, clay Manners.
or indurated mud: not only in high and dry fpots, but even in
low and fait places. They dig their holes very fpeedily, not only
with their fore feet but with their teeth, and fling the earth back,
with their hind feet, fo as to form a heap at the entrance. The
burrows are many yards long, and run obliquely and winding,
but not above half a yard deep below the furface. They end in
a large fpace or neft, the receptacle of the pureft herbs. They
have ufually but one entrance ; yet by a wonderful fagacity thev
work from their neft another paflage to within a very fmall fpace
of the furface, which in cafe of necefTity they can burft through,
and fo efcape.

It is fingular, that an animal of a very chilly nature, fliould keep
within its hole the whole day, and wander about only in the nio-ht.

They lleep rolled up, with their head between their thighs :
and when kept in a ftove, and taken fuddenly out, they feem
quite ftupified, and for a time fcarcely find the ufe of their limbs :
perhaps this arifes from an excefs of heat; for when an attempt
is made to take them out of their burrows, they are quickly
alarmed on the noife of digging, and attempt their efcape. At
fun-fet they come out of their holes, clear them of the filth,
and keep abroad till the fun has drawn up the dews from the
earth. On approach of any danger, they immediately take Great leaps.
to flight, with leaps a fathom in height, and fo fwiftly that a

man

i68 J E R B O A.

man \vq1! mounted can hardly overtake them. They fpring fo
nimbly, that it is impoffible to fee their feet touch the ground.
They do not go ftrait forwards, but turn here and there, till they
gain a burrow, whether i: is their own, or that of another. In
leaping, they carry their tails flretched out : in ftanding, or
going or walking, they carry them in form of an S, the lower
part touching the ground, fo that it feems a diredor in their
motions. When furprized, they will fometimes go on all fours,
but foon recover their attitude of ftanding on their hind legs like
a bird: even when undifturbed, they ufe the former attitude;
then rife eredl, liften, and hop about like a crow. In digging or
eating they drop on their fore legs : but in the laft adlion will
often fit up and eat like a fquirrel.
Easily tamed. They are eafily made tame: feek always a warm corner: fore-

tell cold or bad weather by wrapping themfelves clofe up in hay j
and thofe which are at liberty Hop up the mouths of their bur-
rows.
tQOD. In a wild flate they are particularly fond of the roots of tulips :

live much on oleraceous plants : the fmall ftature of the pygmy
kind is attributed to their feeding on faline plants. Thofe of the
middle fize, which live beyond the lake Baikal, live on the bulbs
• of the Lilium Pompcnium, and they gnaw the twigs of the Robinia
Carugana. When confined, they will not refufe raw meat, and
the entrails of fowls.

They are the prey of all lefler rapacious beafts. The Arahs^
who are forbidden all other kinds of mice, efteem thefe the
greateft delicacies: as thofe people often are difappointed in dig-
ging after them, they have this proverb, " To buy a hole inftead
'* oi?.JahQar

4 The

JERBOA. 169

The Mongols have a notion that they fuck the flieep : certain
it isj they are during night very frequent among the flocks, which
they difturb by their leaps.

The Mongols call this animal /liagh-Daagha. ALigh fignifies Names.

variegated, Daagha, a foal. The Calmucs call it Jalma : the
great fort they (lyle Mon'n Jalma, or the Horfe Jerhoa\ the leffer
lort, Choiii Jalma^ or the Sheep.

They breed often in the fummer; in the fouthern parts, in the
beginning of Ma-^ : beyond Baikal, not till Jiirie. They bring
perhaps eight at a time, as they have fo many teats. They fleep
the whole winter without nutriment. About AJiracan, they will
fometimes appear in a warm day in February: but return to their
holes on the return of cold.

Animals of this genus were certainly the two-footed mice, and
\\-ie jEgyptian mice, of the ancients, which were faid to walk on their
hind legs; and ufe the fore inftead of hands. Thefe, with the
plant Silphium, were ufed to denote the country of Cyrene, where
both were found, as appears from the figures on a beautiful gold
coin preferved by Mr. Haym *, and which I have caufed to be
copied above the animal, in the plate.

Dipus fagitta. Gm, Lin, 158. Pallas nov. fp. 87, 206. tab. xxi. Edw. tab. 219. -^^^ Arrow.

with ears fhorter and broader than the preceding: nofe longer
and lefs obtufe : toes before, three behind : coat thicker

• Te/oro Brit, ii. 124.

Vol. II. Z and

170

JERBOA.

and longer; a white band from the bafe of the tail to thejuniflion
of the thighs with the body : length from the tip of the nofe to the
rump, little more than five inches; of the tail fix.

Inhabits i)j)-^i/?j, and all the north oi Jfrka, JF-^ypt, Arabia, and
Syria ; and lives in the fandy dtferts.

-bT. CAht. Grand Gerbo. AUamatid de Bajfon, xv. DlpusCafer.G»».£;V/. ijg.il/y/Ar'jplates.

* 1 1 3. Journal Hijiorique, 59. tab. xxxi.

T with a fliort head: broad between the ears: mouth placed far
•^ • below the upper iaw : lower very fliort : two great teeth in
each: ears one-third Ihorter than thofe of the common rabbet,
thin and tranfparent •. eyes large : whifkers great.

Fore legs fhort, five toes on each, with a great protuberance
next to the inner toe: claws of the fore toes crooked, and two-
thirds longer than the toes themfelves : claws of the hind toes
Ihort.

Color above tawny; cinereous below, mixed with long hairs
pointed with black : two-thirds of the tail tawny, the reft black.

Length from nofe to tail one foot two inches ; of the tail near
fifteen inches ; the cars near three.

Inhabits the great mountains far north of the Cape of Good
Hope. It is called by the Hottentots, Aerdmannetje; and by the
Dutch, Springen Haas, or the Jumping Hare.

It is very ftrong; will leap twenty or thirty feet at a time:
its voice a grunting: when it eats, fits upright, with the legs ex-
tended horizontally, and with a bent back : ufes its fore feet to
bring the food to its mouth; burrows with them, which it does

JERBOA. 171

fo expedldoufly as quickly to bury itfelf. In {leeplng, it fits with
its knees feparate, puts its head between its hind legs, and with
the fore legs holds its ears over its eyes.

Mus longipes. M. cauda elongata vefti- Mus Cauda longa veftita, pedibus pofticis 368. Torrid.
ta, palmis tetradaftylis, plantis penta- longitudine corporis, flavis. Muf, Ad,
daclylis, femoribus longiflimis. Lin, Fr, 9.

fyf. 84.

■with naked oval ears: long whiJkers: four toes on the fore
feet : the hind feet the length of the body, thick, ftrong and
thinly haired : five toes on each foot: fcarcely any neck: tail the
length of the body, with very little hair on it ; color of the up-
per part of the bpdy yellow ; the lower white : fize of a common
moufe.

Inhabits, according to Linn^uSf the torrid zone* : mentioned
by no other writer.

• Habitat in torriMi regieniius.

Z a Two

J72 RAT.

XXXIII. RAT. Two cutting teeth in each jaw.

Four toes before; five behind.
Very ilender taper tail ; naked, or very flightly haired.

* Jerboid.

569. Canada, -q with the upper jaw projedling far beyond the lower : upper
■*•*'" cutting teeth deeply divided by a longitudinal furrow: ears
fmall, and hid in the fur, and placed far back: the three middle hind
toes very long; thofe on each fide very fhort: color of the fur on
the upper part of the head and body, light ruft ; towards the bottom
of the fur iron grey : belly whitilh : length from nofe to the tip of
the tail fcarcely two inches: tail very flender; three inches and a
half long.
Manners. This animal inhabits the woods of Cz;Wrf. Its hind legs have

more of the Jerboas, than any of the reft of this genus ; are very
long : it goes upright on thefe, like the Jerboa ; and its pace is leap-
ing like that animal: is exceeding nimble, and is with difficulty
caught, except it can be forced into the open grounds: is torpid
during winter: wraps i(felf up like the dormoufe, and coils up its
long tail ; previoufly rolling itfelf into a round ball of clay, which it
forms for its winter retreat.

I am indebted to Col. Davies, of the artillery, for the fight and the
account of this curious animal.

R. with

RAT. 173

"D with a blunt nofe : mouth placed far beneath: upper lip 37o> Labrador.

• bifid: ears large, naked, rounded; fore legs fhort, fur-
niftied with four toes, and a tubercle inftead of a thumb : hind
legs long and naked^ like fome of the Jerboas: thumb fhort:
toes long, {lender, and diftinft ; the exterior the fliorteft.

The whole length of the animal eight inches : of which the
tail is four and three quarters.

Color deep brown above, white beneath, feparated the whole
leno-th on each fide by a yellow line.

Inhabits Hudfon's Bay, and the Labradore coafi:. Sent by Mr. Place.
Graham, and depofited in the MufcLim of the Royal Socieiy.

Since I wrote the above, I find that Dodlor Fallas has defcribed
this fpecies under the title of Mus Longipes *. It inhabits alfo
the fandy dcfert of Naryn, or Ryn Pefiy, between the Folga and the
Talk, near the Cafpian Scj, in lat. 464-. In this tract fcarcely any
thing grows except the Torlok, or Pterococcus Jphyllus, and a few
other poor plants on which it feeds. Two were then taken fport-
ing in the mid-day fun; they were both males, and attempted to
efcape to different holes. The burrows had three entrances run-
ning obliquely, and were about a yard deep; lined or plaittered
with mud. In the bottom was neither neft nor provifion of
grafs.

The Afiatic animal differed in color from the American, being
above of a light grey mixed with tawny, white below : thefe
colors divided lengihways by a flripe of dufky red. The tail

• No'v.ff.fa/'c, i. 314. tab. xviii, B. Mus mindianus ? Itin, ii. 702.

5 covered

174 RAT.

covered with longer and loofcr hair at the end than in the other
parts : the foles of the feet clad with hair. This I could not well
obferve in the fpecimen from Hudfons Bay, as it was prefervcd in
fpirits. Linnaus defcribes this fpecies under the title of Mm
longipes, Syjl. -nat. 84. Dodlor Pallas, with great realbn, fuppofes
it to be the fame with the Jird of Doclor Shaw, which our
learned countryman defcribes with the Jerboa, It agrees in co-
lors with the above; in its long tail being better cloathed than
that of a rat ; and in its burrowing under ground. This is fre-
quent in Barbary, and is reckoned there a good food*.

371. A, CiRCAs- To this I join, on the judgment of DodVor Pallas, another

SI AN. animal, which I defcribed at N" 205 of i\\t Synopfis of Quadrupeds,

under the title of Circajfian Alarmot, or

M. with ears like thofe of mice: red fparkling eyes: Iharp
teeth: body long, and of an equal thicknefs: chefnut- colored
hair, long, efpecially on the back: has fharp claws: tail long and
bulhy: fore feet Ihorter than the hind feet: fize of the Hamjier,
N° 324.

Inhabits the neighborhood of the river Terek, which flows out
of CircaJJia and falls into the Cafpian Sea : runs faft up hill, very
flowly down : burrows, and lives under ground f.

* Shaixj^! travels, 248,

t Scboberi memorab. Afiat. Ruflis in Mullir's Samlung Ruff, viii, 124.

Mus

( "

RAT.

175

Mas Tamaricinus. Pallas, nov. /f. i. 322. tah. six. Itin, ii. 702. 372. Tamarisk.

"O with an oblong head: great whiikers : nofe bUint: noftrils
■^^* covered with a flap : teeth yellow: ej^es large and brown:
ears large, naked, and oval : neck fhort : fpace round the nofe
and ej'es, and beyond the ears, white: fides of the head and neck
hoary: back and fides of a yellowifh grey: tips of the hairs
brown: breafl and belly white: tail cinereous; above half annii-
lated with brown: hind legs long: on the fore feet a warty tu-
bercle inftead of a thumb.

Length to the tail above fix inches: tail not quite fo long. Size.

Inhabits the lower falt-marfhes about Saritfchikofka, on the Place.
Lozver Talk or Ural, where they burrow beneath the knotty roots
of the tamariflc buihes; each burrow has two entrances, and is
very deep: they feed only at night: out of numbers which were
taken in traps placed before their holes, not a female was taken.
Their food is the fucculent maritime tribe of plants, fuch as A^«-
iraria, Salfola, and others, with which thofe deferts abound.

To this divifion of Rats I give the title of Jerbo'ui, from the
affinity it has to that genus in the length of the hind legs. To
the other. Murine, as comprehending all the common fpecies of
Rats and JVIice.

*• Murine.

176

R A T.

** Murine.

^7- Bl ' CK Mus domeflicus major, quem vulgo Rat- Miis Rittuj. M. cauda elongata fubnuda,

^''' ' ' turn vccaiU.G£>vf/- y«arf. 731. iJ«"yj«. pahnis tetradaftyhs cum unguxulopol-

quad.zxi. iicari, planus pcinadadvLis. Linfyfl.

Mus Rattus MusCiftrinarius. A:A;«?«a./. Katta. Fcim.Jucc. N"' 33 Br. Zocl. i. A"

57. 27.

Ratze. Kramer Auflr. 316. Le Kat. Dc Bu£on, vik in%.tah. xxxvi.

Mus Cauda longifllma obfcure clnerea. P^//<ji /.ou.y/)./<7/f. i. 93. Lev. Mus.
Brijfon quad. I iS.

of a deep iion-grey coior, neail)' black: belly cinereous:
* le^s dufky, almoft naked: a claw, in the place of a fifth
toe, on the fore feet : length, from nofe to tail, feven inches ; tail
near eight.
Place. Inhabits tnoft parts of -E.'/rp;)i?: of late, the numbers much Icf-

fened, and in many places extirpated, by the next fpecies : very
deftruftive to corn, furniture, young poultry, rabbets, and pi-
geons: will gnaw the extremities of infants when afleep : breeds
often in a year: brings fix or feven young at a time: makes its
nefl, in a hole near a chimney, of wool, bits of cloth, or flraw:
will deftroy and devour one another : its greateft enemy is the
weefel. Firft introduced by the Europeans into South America* ,
about the year 1544, in the time of the y'lcti-oy Blafco Numiez.
Is now the peft of all that continent.

The word Rattus is modern. The Romans probably compre-
hended ^11 kinds under the word Mus. The fVelp call this Llygoden
Frengig, or the French Moufe, which evinces it not to be a native

• GarcilaJJh de la Vega, 384, Ovalle. Churchill's coll. iij. 43.

RAT.

i;;

Islam ds.

of our ifland. There is a very minute variety of this kind about
the Folga, in the deferts of the lower part (for they have not
reached the upper) which fcarcely weighs feven drachms.

I cannot trace the original place of the black rat : none are
found in Siberia or Kamtfehatka.

Rats (I know not of what fpecies) are found in the Papuas South-Sea
iflands, aS New Guinea'^' ; but according to the account given by
Doctor Forjier-f, the common black rats fwarm in Otaheite, and
other of the Society iflands, and are alfo met with in the other
groupes of iflands, in Nezv Zealand, and in New Holland. They
feed in Otaheite on the fruits of the country, and are fo bold as
even to attack the inhabitants when they are afleep. The na-
tives hold them in the utmoft deteftation, as unclean animals,
and will even avoid killing them, leaf! they fliould be polluted by
the touch. They will not even eat the bread-fruit thefe ani-
mals fhould happen to run over.

LeCoypu. Molina CMi. 26S. MusCoypus. G;». i/«. 125. 3-4. Coypu,

with round ears : nofe elongated, covered with whilkers: legs
Ihort: tail thick, and of a moderate length, well covered
with hairs: two very fliarp cutting teeth in each jaw : on the fore
feet are five toes, all feparated; on the hind feet five, palmated :
has the appearance of the otter in hair and fize.

This animal lives equ;illy well in the water as on the land; and Manni rs.

* Captain for;-^?. f Objer'uatmi,l£c, 185,187.

Vol. II. A a frequents

i5«

RAT.

frequents alfo houfes: is eafily tamed, and very content in the do-
meftic ftate: attaches itfelf to thofe who treat it kindly: has a
piercing cry on being abufed : the female brings forth five or fix
young, which always follow her.

37c. Brown. Muscaudalongiffima, fupradilute fulvus, xxvil.

infra albicans. Le Rat de Bois. Bnjfon Norway Rat. Br. Zool. i. N° 26.

^uad. 120. Mus Decumanus. Pallas nov. fp.fafc.'u

Le Surmulot. De Buffo:t,'^\\\, 206. tab. 91. Lev. Mus.

T^ with the head, back, and fides, of a light brown color,
■*•*■• mixed with tawny and afh-color : breaft and belly dirty
white: feet naked, and of a dirty fielh-color: fore feet furnifhed
with four toes, and a claw inftead of the fifth : length, from nofe
to tail, nine inches; tail the fame: weight eleven ounces: is
ftronger made than the lafl;.
In Europe. Inhabits moft parts of Europe: but was a ftranger to that

continent 'till the prefent century : came into Great Britain about
hfty years ago : not known in the neighborhood of Paris half
that time. This rat is common in India, both on the land and in
fliips. May we not go to Indojlan for their origin ? They fwarm in
Feterjhurg: have reached Prujla, but not the oppofite fide of the
Baltic; at left Lifinaus takes no notice of them.
Asia. Are numerous in Perjia, where they burrow in the fields *.

In Hyrcania they occupy the deferted holes of the porcupine.

' ♦ Doftor Falloi, among h's other epiftolary communications.

Some

R A T. 179

Some years ago an immenfe migration aiiivcJ from tlie weft at
the town of Jaik; and in the year 1727 an equal number ap-
peared about /Iftracan, filled the whole bed of the Volga, and in-
fefted the houfes to that degree, that nothing could be preferved
from them. They have not yet reached Siberia. Thefe probably
were the Mures Cafpii of jEUa-n, which he fays were litde iefs than
Ichneumons; and made periodical vifits in infinite multitudes to
the countries bordering on the Cafpian Sea: fwimming boldly
over the rivers, holding by one another's tail *.

Burrow, like the water-rat, on the fides of ponds and ditches :
fwim well and dive readily : live on grain and fruits, and will
defhroy poultry and game : encreafe fad; bring from fourteen to
eighteen young at a time: are very bold and fierce; will turn
when clofely puriued, and faften on the ftick or hand of thofe who
offer to ftrike them : have deftroyed the common black rat in
moft places. Inhabit fields part of the year, but migrate in great
numbers into houfes, and do infinite mifchief.

Le Rat Perchal, De Buffon, Supphm, vH. 276. tab. Ixix. , _

■" ' '1^ I ^yf), Perchal*

"O withears rounded on the top : nofe long and turning up: body
'■■*■• longer than that of common rats: hair on the upper parts
deep brown: hind legs larger than the fore: tail naked and
fcaly : length from nofe to tail above a foot ; tail between eight
and nine inches.

Common in India, and infefts the houfes in Pondicherry, Place.

* JEUaiii hiji. ar. xvii. c. 1 7,

A a 2 as

i8o RAT.

as our rats do thofe oi Europe: are very numerous: the inbabltants
ufe them for food.

377. Banuicote. At p. 440 of the former edition I imagined that the Brown rat

was the fame as the Bandicote of the Eaji Lidies. My good and
intelligent friend Doi^or Patrick Rtijfel, who has made a long re-
fidence on the eaftern coaft of Indojhn, convinces me of my miftake.
His remarks are fuch that do not at prefent enable ine to give fo
full a defciiption of this fpecies as I could wifh. It is gene-
rally agreed that the Bandicote is at left five times the weight of the
Broivn rat: that, comparative with that kind, it has a fhorter and
thicker tail : that its general form is much thicker, and the back
arched ; fo that, at firfl; fight, it looks like a little pig : it is lefs aiftive
and alert than the brown-rat: is infinitely mifchievous in gardens:
burrows under the houfes, and will even undermine them fo as to
caufe them to full : never go on board ftiips. The Palinquin-
boys eat this kind, but will rejeft the common rat. A more fatisfac-
tory account of the Bandicote may be expeifled in the courfe of a
year.

3-78. American. Leverian Museum.

Mus Caraco? Pallas fio-v./f./a/c. 1, 335. tab, xxlii.

T3 with the upper jaw much longer than the lower : head long :
• nofe narrow and pointed: ears large and naked: whiikers
fine, but long : tail naked, and like that of the black rat, but not
fo long.

Color

RAT. i8i

Color a deep brown; on the belly inclines to adi-color : hair
ruder chin in the preceding fpecies.

In llze larger than the black, leffer than the brown rat.

Inhabits North America; but I am uncertain whether it is en-
tirely wild, or whether it has yet found its way into hoalc^s and
out-houfes. Mr. Bartram * mentions the rat (but does not de-
termine the fpecies) which lives among the ftones and caverns in
the Blue Mountains, far from mankind : comes out at night, and
makes a terrible noife; but in very fevere weather keeps filent
within its holes.

The Mus Caraco of Doclor Pallas is fo nearly allied to this $. Caraco.
fpecies, that I do not at this time venture to feparate them : the
whifkers of the former feem rather fhorter, and the tail, in propor-
tion to its length, thicker ; but the thinnefs of that part might, in
the fpecimen in the Leverian Musuem, arife from its being
dried ; neither could 1 examine it thoroughly, as it was within a
glafs cafe. The Caraco has not as yet appeared to the weft of
the Jenefei, but fwarms about and beyond lake Baikal. It has
much agreement with the laft kind, being, as the Mongals report,
converfant among lakes and waters, and is called by them Cha-
racho, and Jike-Cbolgonach or the Great Moufe. It burrows in the
banks of rivers : is fuppofed to extend to China, and to be very
noxious there.

* In Kaltrii trav. ii. 48.

lU R A T.

379. ScHERMAN. Le Scherman, De Eujhn, Supf km. \/ii. 2yB, tab. \xx.

Ty with a fhort head and thick nofe: fmall eyes: ears fo very
■*• fmall as to be fcarcely vifible: color of the hair duflcy,
mixed with grey and tawny : edges of the mouth bordered with
white : body fix inches long; tail above two.

Common about Strojhoiirg, in the gardens and places near the
water: make great havoc among the plants and the cultivated
grounds: fwim and dive very well, and are often taken by the
fifliermen in their vveels; burrow under ground, and are frequently
caught in the traps ufed by the people who are employed in tak-
ing the Hamjler rat.

3S0. Water. LeRatd'Eau. i?f^n,y^?ya^ 30./^^. xxxi. M. cauda longa pills fupra ex nigro et

Mus aquatilis. /Igncola An. Suiter. 488. flavefcente ii.i.xlis, infra cineieis vefli-

Gejner quad. 1^2. Rail fyn, quad. 217. tus. Brijfon quad. \ i\.

Klein quad. tj. Le Rat d'Eau. De'Buffon,\\\. l\%.tah.

Wafler-maus Kramer Aujir.'^ib. xliii.

Mus Amphibius. M. Cauda elongatapilo- Water Rat. Br. Zool.\.W 21, Lev.

fa, plantispalmatis. Lin. J'yft.'iz.Fauu. Mus.

Jucc. N° 32. Pallas Nov. Jp fafc. i. 20,

T^ with a thick blunt nofe: ears hid in the fur: eyes fmall:
■*-^* teeth yellow: on each foot five toes; inner toe of the fore
foot very fmall; the firfh joint very flexible: head and body co-
vered with long hairs, black mixed with a few ferruginous hairs :
belly of an iron grey: tail covered with fliort black hairs; the
tip whitifii: weight nine ounces : length, from nofe to tail, feven

inches;

RAT. ,83

inches; tail only five : fhape of the head and body more compadt
than the former fpecles*.

Inhzh'its Europe, the north o{ Jfia, and North America-f; bur-
rows in the banks of rivers, ponds, and wet ditches : feeds on
fmall fifh, and the fry of greater; on frogs, infefts, and roots:
is itfelf the prey of pike: fwims and dives admirably, though it
is not web-footed, as Mr, Ray fuppofed, and Linnaus copied af-
ter him : brings fix young at a time. This animal and the Otter
are eaten in France on maigre days.

Le Guanque. MoIitia,z%i. Mus Cyanus. Gm/in,j^i, 381. Skv-colored.

*0 with rounded ears: fur of a blue color: fize and appearance of
''■^*^my field rat.

Inhabits Chili: burrows a gallery ten feet long, with feven
correfpondent chambers on each fide of a foot in depth: thefe are
the magazines for winter provifion, which are of roots, moft nicely
laid in order one upon the other : at the approach of the rainy feafon
retire to the burrows : breed twice in the year, and bring forth fix

* It has fome reff mblance to the Beaver, which induced Linnaeus, in the firft edi-
tion of his Fauna Suecica, to ftyle it Cajior Cauda lineari tereti.

t Lanu/on bijl. Carolina, 122. He alfo mentions another, which he calls the
Mar/h Rat, being more hairy than the common rat; but apparently is the fame with
this. Thufe oi Canada vary to tawny and white. Vide De Buffon, xiv. 4.0 1. xv.
146.

i84

RAT.

at a time: the firft brood is left to provide for itfelf ; tlie fecond re-
tires under ground -with the parents : are very timid, and very
cleanly in their retreats: the peafants hunt for the hoards, and by
robbing them leave the family to perifli.

382. Mouse. ^yj domefticus communis feu minor.

Gtfner quad.- 1^. Rail fyn. quad. 218.
Mu* minor, mufculus vulgaris. Kleinquad.
Maufs. Kramer Aujir. 316.
Mus mufculus. M.caudaelongata, palmis

tetradaftylis, plantis pentadaftylis.

Lln.fyft. 83. Pallas No'V. /p. fafc . i. 9J.
Mus. Faun. fuec. N° 34.
Mus Cauda longlffima, obfcure cinereus,

ventre fubalbefcente. Brijfon quad, i ig.
La Souris. De Buffon, vii. :og. tab. lix.

Br. Zcol. i. N" 30. Lev. Mus.

A N animal that needs no defcription : when found white, is
"*■ ^ very beautiful, the full bright eye appearing to great ad-
vantage amidft the fnowy fur.

Inhabits all parts of the world, except the ArSlic: follows
mankind.

383. FlELU.

Mus agreftis minor. Gefner quad. 733.
Mus domefticus medius. ■'Raii/yn. quad.

Mus fylvaticus. M. Cauda longa, palmis
tetradaCTylis, plantis pentadaftylis,
corpore grifeo pilis nigris abdomine al-
bo. U:i. lyfl. 84. FallaKoi-.fp.fafc. i.
94. Faun. Suec. N°36.

Maufs mit weifTen bauch. Kramer AuJlr,

3«7- ,. . .

Mus Cauda longa fupra e fufcoflavefcens, Le Mulct. De Buffon, vii. 325. tah. xli

infra ex albo cinerefcens. Brijfon quad. Long-tailed Field-moufe. Br. Zool.

123. N°28, Lev.Mus.

T> \vith full and black eyes: head, back, and fides of a yellowifh

■*■ • brown, mixed with fome duflcy hairs: breafi; of an ochre-

color : belly white : length, from the tip of the nofe to the tail,

5 four

R A T.

four inches and a half; tail four Inchesj flightly covered with
hair.

Inhabits Europe: found only in fields and gardens : feeds on
nuts, acorns, and corn: forms great magazines of winter provi-
fion: hogs, tempted by the fmell, do much damage in the fields
by rooting up the hoards: makes a neft for its young very near
the furface, and often in a thick tuft of grafs: brings from feven
to ten at a time: called, in fome parts oi England, Bean Moufe,
from the havock it makes among the beans when juft fown.

Is common in Riijfia, and about the Urallian chain, but not
beyond.

«. American R. with very long whifkers, fome white, others
black: ears large, naked, and open: from the head to the tail,
along the middle of the back, a broad dark flripe, ferruginous
and dufky: the cheeks, fpace beneath the ears, and fides, quite
to the tail, orange-colored : under fide, from nofe to tail, of a
fnowy whitenefs: feet white: hind legs longer than thofe of
the European kind: tail dulky above, whitifh beneath. New
Tork.

1*5

The lefs long-tailed Field-Moufe. Br. ZcoL ii. Jpp. 498. Lev. Mus. 384. Harvest.

with eyes lefs prominent than thofe of the former : ears

■• prominent: of a full ferruginous color above, white be-
neath : a ftrait line along the fides divides the colors: tail a little
hairy : length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a half: tail two
inches : weight one-fixrh of an ounce.
Vol. II. B b Inhabits

,86 RAT.

Inhabits Hampjl:ire', where it appears in greateft numbers dur-
ino- ha'rveft: never enters houfes; bat is carried into the ricks of
corn in the Iheaves; and often hundreds are killed on breaking up
the ricks: during winter, flielters itfelf under ground: burrows
very deep, and forms a warm bed of dead grafs: makes its neft
for its young above ground, between the draws of llanding corn;
it is of a round fliape, and compofed of blades of corn : bringSi
about eight young at a time.

385. Oriental. Mus onentalls. Sd. Mu/.u. 22. tai. x.xi. dlnalibus Sc pundls albis. 3Li/. Ad.

M-

Fred. 10.

M. Cauda mediocri fubnuda, palmis te- Mus caudalonga, rufus,lineisindorfo aT-

tradaiftylis, plantis pentadaflylis, cor- bicantibus,margaritarum«muEi.£r.yl

poris ftriis punclatis. Lin.JyJi. 84. /on i^uaii. 124..

M. Cauda longa, llriis corporis longitu-

Rwith round naked ears : of a grey color : the back and fides
• elegantly marked with twelve rows of fmall pearl-colored
fpots, extending from the head to the rump : tail the length of
the body : in fize, half that of a common moufe.

Inhabits India. In the fame country, and in Guinea, is another
very fmall fpecies, which fmells of mulk. The Portugucfe living
in India call it Cherofo, and fay its bite is venomous. Boullaye la
GfKz, 256. Barl/ot's Gui/iea, 21^

Mu»

RAT.

187

MasEarbarus.M. Cauda mediocrl corpora daflylis, planus pentadaftyUs. L?V,^/?. 386. Bare art.
fufco, ftriis decern pallidis, palmis tri- torn. i. pars ii. addenda,

T ESS than the common moufe: of a brown color : marked
"*^ on the back with ten flender ftreaks : three toes with claws
on the fore feet, with the rudiments of a thumb; tail of the
length of the body.
Inhabits Barbarj.

Mus Mexicanus maculatus. 5^^. Mtt/; 74, /^3. xlv. /rV. f . ,o_ ].;t.

•' '^ J&'^' 387. Mexican.

"O of a whitifli color, mixed with red : head whitifli : each fide
• of the belly marked with a great reddifli fpot.
According to Seha inhabits M-a'/Vo.

Mu3 agreftis Americanusalbus. 5«^. M/. i. 76. /<j^. xlvli./^. 4. » gs^ Virginian.

Rwith pointed ears and nofe; the lad black- whifkers long:
• fur very fhort : limbs very weak and {lender : tail at the
bafe thick, growing gradually fo from the rump, fo that the
iunftion cannot be diftinguifhed; decreafes gradually, and be-
comes very long and flender; ends in a point, and is in all parts
befet with long hair.

Color of this animal univerfally white.

According to Seba, found in Virginia. The thicknefs at the Place.
bafe of the tail is its fpecific diiference.

B b a Mus

iS8 RAT.

389. Wanter- Mus Vagus. Pallai Kev.fp.fa/c, i. 327. tab. xxii.7%. 2.

I NO.

Rwith an oblong head: blunt nofe, with a red tip: cutting;
• teeth yellow; the upper truncated: eyes placed midway
between the nofe and the ears : ears large, oval, naked; the tip*
dulky and downy: limbs {lender: inllead of a thumb, on the fore
feet, is a conic wart: tail longer than the body, and very flender.

Color- above a pale afh, mixed and undulated v;ith black::
along the back to the tail is a black line : ends of the limbs
whitifli.

Lenoth, from nofe to tail^ between tv/o and three inches; the
tail near three.

Inhabits the whole 'Tartarian defert ; and at certain times
wanders about in great flocks, and migrating from place to
place daring night. Obferved ashigh.as lat. c,y,_ about the Irtijloy
and betsveen the Ohy and Jenejei, in birch woods: is of a very
chilly nature i foon becomes torpid, and fleeps rolled up in the
eold night, even of the month of June. Lives in frlfures of
rocks, under flones, and in hollow fallen trees : has carnivorous-
inclinations; for on being placed in a box with a moufe of ano-
ther fpecies, it killed and devoured part, notwithllanding it had
feeds to feed on. Is called by the Tartars, Djlmkis-fitjlaii, or gre^r-
garicus Moufe. ''

Mu»

RAT.

Mus Betulinus. Pallas Nov. ft. fafc. i. 322. tah. xxil. fp^. 1, ,„ t,

' ■' -^ -'* 390i i>EECH.

T^ with a Oiarp nole, with the end red ; ears fmaller than thofe
•*-^* of the former, brownj briftly at the end : limbs very flen-
der : toes long, flender, and very feparable : tail very long and
lender, much exceeding the length of the body; brown above,
white below.

Color of the head and body a cinereous ruft, with a few du/ky
hairs interfperfed : breaft and belly, pale afli : along the top of
the back, is a du/ky line.

Lefs than the former. Size-.

Inhabits the birch woods about the ph'ns o( Ifchim and Baraha, Place.
and between the Oby and Jcnefet : lives in the hollows of decayed
trees : very tender, and foon grows torpid in cold weather : runs
up trees, and fattens to the boughs with its tail; and, by afiiftance
of its flender fingers, adheres to any fmooth furface: emits a weak-
note.

Mus Agrartus. Pallas rwv./j>f,i/i: u 34T. tnli. xxiv. A. ///«. i. 454^ .,^ n

Mus Rubeub. Scb'u:enhfeldt Amm.EiUj'. 114. ■'^ J^ustic,

T> with a fharp nofe: oblong head: fmall ears lined wiih fur:
* ^'^ color of the body and liead ferruginous, with a dulky line
along the back: belly and limbs whitifli: above each hind foot is-
a dufky circle.

A little lefs than the field moufe. The tail only half the
length of the body.

4, Inhabits

loo RAT.

ri.AC£. Inliabits the temperate craft o'i Rt'JJid, and Siberia, as far as the

lit'ifJ: : in the former, chiefly about villages and corn-fields; in
the latter, in woods. In RtfJJta is often migratory, and often very
noxious to the grain : it is called there Shitnik, or the Corn Moufe,
for it abounds in the flieafs and ricks. At times they wander in vaft
multitudes, and deftroy the whole expeiflations of the farmer.
This plague did in particular, in the years 1763 or 1764, make
great ravages in the rich country about Cafan and Arjk; but came
in fuch numbers as to fill the very houfes, and became through
hunger lb bold as to Ileal even the bread from the table before
the very faces of the guefts. At approach of winter they all dil-
appeared.

They make their retreats a little below the furface, which in
thofe places appears elevated : each has a long gallery, with a
chamber at the end, in which they place their winter foodj which
confifts of vai-ious forts of feeds.

.,. SotticiNE Mus Sorlcinus. Schreher, iski, c\xxxm, Gm, Lia. i^o.

Rwith a
• hair;

with an elegant {lender head ; ears rounded and covered with

tail long and {lender: hair on the head and upper part

of the body cinereous, mixed with yellow: belly white: length two

inches.

PtACE. Inhabits the neighborhood oi Strajbinj: difcovered by ProfelTor

Herman.

Mus

RAT.

191

Mus pumilio. Cmel.Lin.JjjJ}, \~^o, Sparma/i's njoy-u^ ■l>;i^'). tai. v'li, 303. Lineated

"O with black forehead and hind part of the head: from thehifl:
■■■^* extend along the back to tail four black lines : color of the
reft of the animal a cinereous brown : tail of a light color, very
fmall : not fuperior in fize to the following.

Inhabits the forefl of Si{!:cariir,'.a on the Slangen river, at a vafl Place.

diftance to the eaftward of the Cape oi Good Hope,

Mus mlnutus. Palins Nov./p.fefi. i. 345. taB. xxiv. B. Iini. i. 454.- 394. Littli,

Rwith a fliarpiili nofe: dufky,^ with a whitenefs at the corner
• of the mouih: ears fmall, half hid in the fur: body more
flender than that of the common moufe: tail Paorter and more
llender.

Color, a deep tawny above, white below : feet grey.

The left of the genus; little more than two inches long from Size.

nofe to tail; weight not half a dram.

Inhabits the temperate parts of iJ///l^^; and SiZ'OT^z, in corn-fields Place.
and barns; is alfo plentiful in the birch-woods. More males among
them than females. Seem to wander without any certain places for
their neCls,

»* With

192 ■ R A T.

505. Rock. ** With t>iUs of middle length.

IVIus Saxatilis. PaUai Kov./f.fa/c. i, 255. tab. xxiii. B.

with an oblong head; nofe rather pointed: ears rifing above
the fur; oval, downy, at the edges brown: whiikers fhort:
iimbs ilrcng: tail not half fo long as the body, with a few hairs
Scattered over it.

Color above, brown ilightly mixed with grey; fides incline
more to^he laft color: belly of a light cinereous: fnout diiiky,
furroLinded with a very flender ring of white.
■Size* Length four inches: tail one and a half.

?i-ACE. Inhabits the couatry beyond lake Baikal, and the Mongolian

defert: makes it-s burrows in a wonderful manner, confidering the
weaknefs of its feet, between the crannies of the rocks which had
been forced open by violence of froft, or ihe infinuation of roots
oi plants : it chufes its habitation amidrt the rudeft rocks, and
lives chiefly on the feeds oi AJiragali. The burrows confift, firft-
• ly, of a large winding oblique paffage, through which the ani-
mal flings out the earth: fecondly, of one or more holes point-
ing downwards, which likewife wind among the rocks; and at
their bottom is the neft, formed of foft herbs.

Viverra

il A T.

*93

\1verra faftlata. Gmslin Lin.l. ()z. Chat faavage, &c. 5a»«fyiJ/ «a), il. 143. tab. J96. Indian.

Ixxix.

wich fliort pointed ears: fliarp nofe: two cutting teeth in each
jaw, and fourteen grinders in each : five toes to each foot :
claws ftrong and crooked : color grey, tinged on the lower part
of the head and neck with red : belly white : back and fides marked
with four black lines, commencing near the hind part of the head,
and ending at the rump : on each thigh is a bifurcated black
ftroke, the forks pointing backwards.

Length two feet; tail nine inches. Inhabits 7«i/(7. No further
account is given by M. Sonnerat of this and the following obfcure
fpecies. I place them in this genus, as they have no canine teeth,
and only two incifores in each jaw.

Le Zenlk des Hottentots. Sovuerai voy. Viverra Zenik. G»7f//n Z/». i. 84; ,q__ Zenik-

ii. 145. tab. xcii.

T> with fliort ears: very long (harp nofe: two cutting teeth; fix-
• teen grinding teeth : four toes on each foot : claws on the
fore feet very long, and almoft ftrait: color of a reddifh grey,
ftriped tranfverfcly with ten black lines falling from the back
almofi: to the belly.

Size of a water rat : tail not fo long as the body; of a gilded red
on three parts of its length ; the reft black.
Inhabits the land of the Hottentots.
Vol, I. Cc Mus

194- X A T,

398. acONOM-lC* ^"S fficonomus. Pallas Nov. /p.f.'fc. i. TegouHchhck. Defer, Kair.ifchatka, EngK-
234. /i3^. xiv. A. //»'«. iii.692. eJ. 104.

with fmall eyes: ears naked, and ufiially hid in the furr
• limbs ftrong: teeth very tawny ; color black and yellow,,
rntimately mixed ; duiky on the back; from throat to tail hoary;,
beneath the hair a dark down; ends of the feet dufky.
S12E,. Length foLir inches and a quarter-, of the tail, more than an

inch : in form of body like the meadow moiife, but is rather
longer, and the belly bigger. The females'are far fuperior to the
males in fize, as on the former refts the chief labor of providing the
food.

Place. Inhabits in vaft numbers all Siberia, efpecially the eafcern parts,

and K-amtfchatka; and even found within the ArBic circle.

Manners. They are called by Doftor Pallas, Mures CEconomi or CEco-

nomic Mice, from their curious way of living. They inhabit.
damp foils, and Qum the fandy-, form burrows beneath the up-
per cruft of the turfy ground; and have in them many cham-
bers, and feveral entrances. Never more than two animals are
found in thefe extenfive neds, and thofe fondly attached to each
other; fometimes only one inhabits thefe dwellings, except towards
autum.n, vi'hen the whole family make it their refidence. In the
firft they form magazines for winter food, confining of various forts
of plants, which they colIe(fl in fummer with great pains; and in
funny days draw them out of their nefts, in order to give them a
more effeftual drying. During fummer they n^ver touch their
hoards, but live on berries, and otlier vegetable produflions.
3 Twenty^

LSXSJI.

/'j^.

R A T.

Twenty, and even tliirty pounds of fiedi roots, have been 'found ia
one hoard. Befides man, thefe mice find a cruel animal in the wild
boars, which ranfack the magnzincs, and devour the little defence-
lefs owners.

Thry in certain years make great migrations out of Kamtf-
chatka; they coUccV in the fpring, and go off in incredible multi-
tudes. Like the Lemmus, they go on in a direft courfe, and
nothing flops their progrefs, neither rivers nor arms of fca : in
their paflage they often fall a prey to the ravenous fifties and
birds; but on land are fafe, as the Kamtfchatkans pay a fuper-
flitious regard for them; and when they find them lying, weak or
half dead with fatigue, on the banks, after paffinga river, will give
them all poflible afllftance. They fet out on their migration weft-
\vard. From the river Fcngin they go fouthward, and about the
middle of July ve2Lz\\Ochotfka and Juihma, a traifl of amazing extent.
They return again in OPwbcr. The Kamtfihatkans are greatly
alarm.ed at their migrations, as they prefage rainy feafons, and an
imfuccefsful chace; but on their return, exprefles are fent to all
parts with the good news.

Many fables are related of them, fuch as that they cover their
provifions with poifonous herbs before their migrations, in order
to deflroy other rat-s which may attempt to plunder their maga-
zines; and if by chance they fhould be pillaged, they will ftrangle
themfelves through vexation, by fqueezing their necks between
the forks of flirubs; for this reafon the natives never take away
all their ftore, but leave part for their fubfiftence, or leave in its
place fome caviare, or any thing that will ferve for their fup-
port. It is certain that the roots of certain poifonous plants aic
C c 2 often

^95

ipS R A T.

often found in their nefls half eaten : but this is no wonder, as it li
well known that divers animals will feed on noxious vegetables.
which would prove the certain bane of others.

399. WcOLiY. La Chinchilla. MoUnaChill. 283. Mus lanigcr. Gm. Lin. 134.-

"O with very fmall ears: fhort nofe : tail of a middling length?
•■■^* whole body covered with long wool of exquifite finenefs,
grey, and long enough to be fpun. The length of this fpecies ia
llx inches.

Thefe animals live in fociety under ground, and feed on the
bulbous roots of the country. It breeds twice a year, and bringgi
five or fix at a time: it is a very gentle tame animal : very fond or
being careflcd, and will lie down without fear by mankind: it ia
often domefiicated. The anticnt Peruvians manufactured many,
fmall articles from the wool, which they fold at a great price.

,100. Red, Mus Rutilus, Pallas Nov. /p. fffc.'i. 146. ^i^. xlv. B.

with the nofe and face very briftly : ears, like thofe of the-
' former, naked, except the tip, on which is a ruily down ;
tail full of hair: color, from the middle of the forehead, along;
the back, to the rump, an uniform pleafant tawny red : the fides;
light grey and yellow: under fide of the body whitilh : feet,
white: tail dufky above, light below.
SizB^ Length not four inches j tail above one.

Inhabits

RAT.

1.97

Inhabits Siberia, from the Oby eaftward to Kamtfchatka, in Place.

woods and mountains; and alfo within the Ar5lic circle. Creeps
fometimes into houfes and granaries; lives abroad under logs of
wood, or trunks of trees: they wander out the whole winter, and
are very lively even amidft the fnows: eat any thing which comes
in their way ; even flefh.

A variety is found about Cafan, a little leffer than the Siberian-
kind, and the tail longer and more flender: the red on the back is
not fo much diffufed as in the other. The fame kind has alfa
been difcovered ia the botanical garden at Gottens-en.

Mus Alliarius, Pallas nov.fp.fafc. i. 252. tah. xlv. C.

401. Garlic.

T> with great open naked ears, very apparently out of the furr
■*•*■• tail clothed with hair: color on the back cinereous,
mixed with longer hairs tipped with dulky grey: fides of a
whitilhafli: breaft, belly, and feet white; tail marked along the
top with a'duflcy tine, the reft white.

Length a little above four inches-, tail one and a half. Size.

Inhabits the country about the Jenejei and Lena: is frequent in Place,

the fubterraneous magazines of bulbous roots, efpecially the
AlUum aHguknoii, or angular garlic, formed by the Siberian pea-
lants.

"O with the nofe a little extended; four toes on the forefeet, 402. Soricine.
•*•*■' with a tubercle inftead of a thumb: five toes on the hind-
feet; round cars covered with fur: tail of a middling length, and

hairy;

RAT.

hairy: color of the upper part of the body yellowifh grey: belly
white.
Place. Inhabits the neighborhood of Strajl'ourg. Difcovcred by Pro*

.feffor Herman,

*** With Ihort tails.

403. Le MM us. Lemmar vel Lemmus. Olaus magiiu: Je rufo et nigro variegatus. 5r{^» y.vai/.

gent. SeptentT. 35S. 100.

Leem vel Lemmc-r. GfTner quad. 731. Mus Lemmus M- Cauda abbreviata, pe-

IVius Norvegicus vulgo Leming. M'orm dibus pentadaflylis, corpore fulvo ni-

Muf. 321, 325. Scheff'er Lcplai^d, 156. gro vario. Lm ftft. 80. Pallas noii.fp.

Ponton. Norzv'y,\\. 7,0. S:r<>m.S^Hdm!>r. f fc i. 186. /^j^. xii. A. & B.

1 i;4. Rail fyn. quad. 227. Fial-Mus, Sabell-Mus. Lapfis.

Snble-mice. Ph. Jr. abndg. ii. 87^. Lummick. Faun.Suec. N° 29.

Cuniculus caudatus, auritus, ex flavo, Le Leming. Z)f 5i^«, xlii. 314,

with two very long cutting teeth in each jaw : head pointed :
' long whilkers; fix of the hairs on each fide longer and
•ftronger than the reft: eyes fmall and black: mouth fmall: up-
per lip divided : ears fmall, blunt, and reclining backwards:
^fore legs very Ihort : four flender toes on tlie fore feet, covered
with hairs; and in the place of the thumb a fharp claw, like a
cock's fpur: five toes behind: the ikin very thin: the color of
the head and body black and tawny, difpofed in irregular
tlotches : belly white, tinged with yellow.
Size, Length, from nofe to tail, about five inches: in large fpeci-

mens a little more : the tail about half an inch. Thofe of Rujfian
Lapland &re. much lefs than thofe of the Norwegian or Szvedl/h.
Place. Inhabits Norzvaji and Lapland, the country about the river

Oby,

Lxxxni.

///x.

/. ^^f-m //i/t.)

'/ . ^'r I 'f /ff/y ^'/ y/ff

\%o.

'/f ^a-^nr

RAT.

Oly, and the north extremity of the Uralian chain. They ap-
pear in numberlefs troops, at very uncertain periods, in Norway
and Lapland: are the peft and wonder of the country: they
march like the army of locufts, fo emphatically defcribed by the
prophet Joel: deftroy every root of grafs before them, and fpread
univerfal defolation : they infeft the very ground, and cattle are
faid to periQi which tafte of the grafs which they have touched:
they march by myriads, in regular lines : nothing ftops their
progrefs, neither fire, torrents, lake, or morafs. They bend their
courlc flrait forA'ard, with moft amazing obftinacy ; they fwim-
over the lakes ; the greateft rock gives them but a flight check^-
they go round it, and then refume their march diredlly on, with-
out the left deviation : if they meet a peafant, they perfift in
their courfe, and jump as high as his knees in defence of their
progrefs : are fo fierce as to lay hold of a flick, and fufFer
themlelves to be fwung about before they quit their hold : if
flruck, they turn about and bite, and will make a noife like a
dog.

They feed on grafs, on the rein-deer liverwort, and the catkins
of the dwarf birch. The firft they get under the fnow, beneatlt
which they wander during winter; and make their lodgements,
and have a fpiracle to the furface for the fake of air. In thefe
retreats they are eagerly purfued by the Ar8u foxes.

They make very fhallow burrows under the turf; but do not
form any magazines for winter provifion : by this im^providence
it feems that they are compelled to make thefe numerous migra-
tions, in certain years, urged by hunger to quit their ufual re-
sidences.

They breed often in the year, and bring five or fix young at a

timcj

2 CO RAT,

time: fometimes they bring forth on their migrat-Ion; fome they
carry in their mouths, and others on their bacl^s.

They are not poifonous, as is vulgarly reported; for tliey are
Dften eaten by the Laplanders, who compare their llefli to that of
I'quirrels.

Are ihe prey of foxes, lynxes, and ermines, who follow them
in great numbers : at length they perifh, either through want of
food, or by deftroying one another, or in fome great water, or in
ihe fea. They are the dread of the country: in former times fpi-
ritual weapons were exerted againft them; the prieft exorciled,
and had a long form of prayer to avert the evil * ; happily it does
pot occur frequently; once or twice in twenty years: it feems
like a vaft colony of emigrants, from a nation over-ftocked ; a
difciiarge of animals from the great Northern hive, that once
poured out its myriads of human creatures upon Southern Eu-
rope. Where the head quarters of thefe quadrupeds are, is not
very certainly known ; Linnaus fays, the Norwegian and Lapland
Alps; Fontoppidan feems to think, that Kolens rock, which di-
\\des Nordland from Sweden, is their native place: but wherever
they come from, none return : their courfe is predeftinated, and
they purfue their fate.

* M-^orm. Muf. 333. wTiere the whole form is preferved. It ivas once ferioufly
believed that tliefe animals were generated in the clouds,- and fell in Ihowers upon
tl.e ground : Per tempeflates et repent inos imbres e calo decidant, incomperlum wide, an ex
^motiorihus infulis, et hue •vento delata, an ex nubihiisfacuhntis natcf deferantur. 01au« '
Magnus de Gent, Septentr. 358.

Mus

RAT,

201

Mus torquatus. Pallas Nov. /p. fa/c.'u zo^: 404. Ringed.

Rwith a blunt nofe: ears hid in the fur: legs ftrong and
• ihort : foles covered with hair : claws very ftrong, hooked
at the end: the hair on the whole body very fine.

Color of the upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with
grey and yellowj fometimes pale grey, clouded with undulated
lines of dulky ruft-color: from the ears, down each fide of the
cheeks, is a bed of the fame color, and behind that a llripe of
white, fo that the neck appears encircled with a collar i behind
thefe again is another bed of the former color.

Length to the tail little more than three inches; of the tail Size.
one; at its end is a hard tuft of bridles.

Inhabits the northern parts about the river Oby. Makes its Pxace.
burrows, with many paffages, beneath the turfy foil. The nefls
are filled with rein-deer and fnowy liverworts. They are faid to
migrate at the fame feafons with the Lemmus.

Mus Hudfonlus. Pallas -Mo-v. fp.fofc. i. 2o3. ^^^^ Hudson's.

"D with {lender brown whifkers : very fine long fofc hair: cinc-
J-^* reous, tinged with tawny, on the back, with a dufky ftripe
running along its middle: along each fide a pale tawny line:
belly pale cinereous: limbs very fliort: fore feet very ftrong: the
two middle claws of the male very ftrong, thick, and comprefT-
cd; divided at the end: thofe of the fuppofed females (of the
Vol. II. D d lefler

202 RAT.

lefTer fkins) fm-aU : tail very Hiort, terminated by fome flifF
briftles.
Size. Length about five inches. Defcribcd by D>^3or Pallas, from

(ome fkins lent to him from Labrador, one of which he favored
me with.

406. Hare. Mus Lagurus. Pallas Kov. fi-fafc. i. 210. tah. x;il. A. Itln. ii. ^;/. 704.

TAILED.

with a long head, and blunt nole : rough lips, and fwelling
• out: ears fliorr. round, flat, jufl: appearing out of the
fur : limbs fliort and flender : tail the fhorteft of all the genus,
fcarcely appearing out of the hairs : fur very foft and full, cinereous
on the upper part, mixed with duflcy : along the hack is a dark
line : belly and feet of a pale alh-color.
Size, Length between three and four inches.

Place. Inhabits the country above the Talk, IrtiJI:, and Ja^efii. They

Makners. love dry foils, but firmj in which they make burrows with two
entrances J one oblique, leading to the neft, the other perpendicu-
lar, but both end at it, or unite beyond; the neft is formed of
grafs. Ufualiy the male has a different habitation, but fome-
times they live together. When more males than one get toge-
ther, they fight, and the conqueror devours the vanquifhed ; the
mate of the deceafed inflantly lubmits to the embraces of the
former, even though pregnant. They are very falacious, and
bring their young frequently in the air: they bring fix at a time:
emit often a mufky fmell when in heat: the males fight fitting
up, and bite very hard, and make a noife by ftriking their teeth
together. The)' flccp vei-y niuch, and like the Marmots, rolled

up J

RAT. 203

up; and, like them, are flow in their motions: are very fond of
the dwarf iris, but feed on all forts of feeds : they have alfo car-
nivorous appetites, for they will devour one another, and even
others of different fpecies, of the fame fize with themfelves; for
which reafon few other kinds live near them. They migrate in
great troops; therefore are called by the Tartars, Djhilkis-
Zizchan, the Rambling Mottfe.

Mas focialis. Pallas Nov. /p.fa/c, i. 218. tih. xiii. B. ///;/. xx.App. jo^. 407. ScciaL.

Rwith a thick head and blunt nofe: v/hiiksrs white: ears oval,
• naked: limbs fhort and ftrong : tail llender: nofe dufky:
upper part of the body a light grey ; paled on the fides : fides,
fnoulders, and belly, white.

LenPth above three inches-, tail an inch. »

° Size.

Inhabits the Cafplan deferr, between the Volga and the I'aik, Place.

and the country of nircania. They live in fandy, low, and Manners.

herby places, in large focieticsj and in many places the whole
ground is covered with the little hills formed by the earth they
call out of their burrows: the burrows are about a fpan in
depth, with eight or more palTages. They are always found to
live in pairs, or with a family. They live much on tulip-roots.
They rarely appear in autumn, but fwarm in the fpring. They
are faid either to migrate or change their places in autumn, or to
conceal themfelves among the buQies; and in the wmter to (lielter
in hay- ricks. They breed later than other kinds. Are the prey
of weefels, fitchets, crows, and vipers.

D d 2 M"s

204

RAT.

4.08. BAiKAt. Mus Gregalis. Pallasnov,ff.%i%,GmeLL'ni./yJl, 133,

Rwhh large thin ears appearing above the fur: whifkers blacky
• hair rough and hard ; color above a pale grey : the back
darkened with dufky hairs, which gradually decline into the light?
5 er color : body below of a dirty white : the legs ftronger, the

tail thicker, than in the Social fpecies: about the fize of that
kind.

Inhabits S'lberia, but not like the country beyond the Ohy: mofl:
plentiful about the Baikal lake and ^ram-Baikal region ; efpecially
thofe places which abound moft with the Lilium pomponium and
cilllumteniujfimum; and Siberia and Hircauia. They colled the roots
of thefe and of the 1'rifoUum Luphajlrum, for winter food. They
form their lodge beneath the turf,, and have many minute entrances :
the earth that they fling out is carefully heaped above their lodge,
in form of a hillock, to divert the rain. In this retreat the malo,
female, and the progeny of one year, reCde. This fpecies is never
obferved to migrate.

Mus

RAT.

205

Mus agredis caplte grand! brachiurus. rate cinereis in ventre veftitis

Ralijyii. quad, 2 1 8. quad. 125.

Mus terreftris. M. cauda mediocri fub- Le Campagnol. D? 5a^», vii. 3 6g, /<j^.

pilofi, palmis fubtetradadlylis, plantis xlvii.

pentadaiflylis, auriculis vellere brevio- The ftiort-tailed Fleld-moufe. Br. Zoal, i.

ribus. Z,/"«.^y?. 82. ^«°3I.

MoIIl'. Faun.fuec. N" 31 *. Erdzeifl. Kramer Aujlr. 316.

Mus Cauda brevi, pilis e nigricante & Mus arvalis. Pallas Nov. /p. fa/c.'u •]%,

fordide luteo mixtis in dorfo, & fatu- Lev. Mus.

^'■'I'"* 409. MlADOW.

Rwkh a large head: blunt nofe: ears fhort, and hid in the
• fur: eyes prominent: tail fhort: color of the head and
upper part of the body ferruginous, mixed with black : belly
deep a(h-color: feet duflcy.

Length, from nofe to tail, fix inches; tail only one and a half,
thinly covered with hair, terminated by a fmall tuft.

Inhabits Europe, Siberia and Hircania ; alfo in great abundance in
Nezvfoundland, where it does much^mifchief in the gardens : in Eifg-
laud, feldom infefts gardens: makes its neft in moift meadows:
brings eight young at a time : has a ftrong affedion for them: re-
fides under ground: lives on nuts, acorns, and corn.

Sj2

Place.

* The fpecies, N' 30. Faun.fuec. defcribed by the iv/Xtoi Mm cauda abbreviata,
io-fOre nigra fu/o, ahdoimr.e cbierej'cente, fsecis the fame with this.

Mils

2c6

R A T.

. GUE CA-
RIOUS.

Mus gregarius. M. Cauda corpora triplo tus pedibufque albh. Liii,J\f.. 84,
brcvioro iubpilofa, corpore grifto fub-

witli a fmall mouth and blunt nofe : ears naked, and ap-
• pearing above the fur: hair on the upper part of the body
black at the roots and tips, ferruginous in" the middle: throat,
belly, and feet whitifh : tail tlirice as fliort as the body, covered
with thin white hairs; the end black and afh-color: is a little
larger than the common moufe.

Inhabits Germany and Sweden: eats fitting up : burrows, and
lives under pround.

«■***« Short-tailed;

With pouches in each jaw.^

411. Hamster. Hamefter, Qncttws. Jgricala An. Subtcr. culls rotundatis, corpore fubtus nigro,

4%b. Ce/ucr quad. Tiji. Rail J^>!. quad. lateribus rufcfcentibus maculis tnbus

221. :\Jiyer Jn. i. tab. Ixxxi. Ixxxii. albis. Lin.fyfl. 82.

Skizecfeek, Chomik. Rzacziijli Po 'on, Glis ex cinereo rufus in dorfo, in ventre

233. i^igfj maculis tribus ad latera albk.

Porcc'lIusfrumentarius.5(-^'n;n//2'A/e7"'^^- Briffon quad, ii-j .

rw:r:fk.\\'&. Le Hamfter. De Bvffon, xiii. 117. tab.

Krietfch, Hamfter. Kramer Aujir. ^\j . xw.w'i. Suppl.xiu lo^.

Pallas ^BV, [p. fpfc.\,%i,Ziimmrn.att. German Marmot, Syn, qtiad.'i\° zco.

34;. 511. Lev. Mus.

Mus cricetus. M. cauda mediocri, auri-

w ith large rounded ears : full black eyes : color on the

• head and back, reddidi brown : cheeks red : beneath each

ear a white fpor, and another behind; a fourth near the hind

5 legs:

iA-^XXTN'

if. I

://.

/. ./U////.t/r/-

. \.4".

'.I. '/■)//'//■ I /■//■///// (>/ ^/ff

'ff .»■/ ///f .

RAT.

207

legs : breaft, upper part of the fore legs, and tlie bell)-, bl:ick :
tail lliorr, aiinort naked : four toes, and a fifth claw, on the fore
fectj five behind: about nine inches long; tail three.

The males are always' bigger than the females; fome weigh Size.
from twelve to fixteen ounces: the females feldom exceed four or
fix. They vary fometimes in color. About Cafan is found fre-
quently a family entirely black.

Inhabits Juftria, Silefia, and many parts of Gernuiny, Pohuid, Place.
and Ukraine 'y in all the fouthern and temperate parts of Rv.fpa
zud Siberia; and even about the r'wex Jenefti, but not farther to
the eaft. They are alfo found in the 'Tartarian deferts, in fandy
foil, difiiking moift places. They are very fond of fuch fpots
which abound with liquorice, whofc feeds they feed on. They
fwarm. fo in Cctha, that in one year 11,564, in another 54,429,
and in a third 80,139 ^^ '^'^^''^ fkins were delivered at the Hotel de
FiHe of the capital *, thefe animals being profciibed on account
of their vaft devaftations among the corn.

They are very deftrudive to grain; eating great quantities, Manners.
and carrying ftill more to its hoard : within its cheeks are two
pouches, receptacles for its booty, which it fills till the checks
feem ready to burft: the Germans therefore fay of a very greedy
fellow, Er frijft vaie cin Eamfier.

They live under ground; firft form an entrance, burrowing
down obliquely : at the end of that paflage the male finks one
perpendicular hole; the female feveral: at the end of thefe are
formed various .vaults, either as lodges for themfelves and young,
or ftore-houfes for their food » each young has its different apart-

* Be Bujfon, Suppl. iii. 185. quoted from Mr. Su/zer.

ment;

2o8 RAT.

ment; each fort of grain its different vault; the firfl they line
with ftraw or grafs : thefe vaults are of different depths, according
to the age of the animal-, a young Hamjler makes them fcarcely
a foot deep; an old one finks them to the depth of four or five ;
and the whole diameter of the habitation, with all its communi-
cations, is fometimes eight or ten feet.

The male and female have always feparate burrows; for ex-
cepting their fliort feafon of courtfhip, they have no intercourfe.
The whole race is fo malevolent as to conftantly reject all fociety
with one another. They will fight, kill, and devour their own
Ipecies, as well as other lefler animals ; fo may be faid to be
carnivorous as well as granivorous. If it happens that two males
meet in fearch of a female, a battle enfues ; the female makes a
(hort attachment to the conqueror, after which the connexion
ceafes. She brings forth two or three times in a year, and brings
from fixteen to eighteen at a birth. Their growth is very quick ;
and at about the age of three weeks, the old one forces them out
of the burrows to take care of themfelves : fhe fliews little affec-
■tion for them; for if any one digs into the hole, flie attempts to
■fave herfelf by burrowing deeper into the earth, and totally neg-
<lecls the fafety of her brood : on the contrary, if fhe is attacked
in the feafon of courtlhip, flie defends the male with the utmoft
fury.

They lie torpid from the firft colds to the end of the winter;
and during that time are feemingly quite infenfible, and have the
appearance of being dead; their limbs ftiff, and body cold as
ice: not even fpirits of wine, or oil of vitriol, poured in to them,
can produce the left mark of fenfibility. It is only in places be-
3'ond the reach of the air in which it grows torpid; for die fevereft

4 cold

RAT.

cold on the furface does not Affed: it, as has been proved by ex-
periment.

In its annual revival, it begins fiift to lofe the ftiffnefs of
its limbs; then breathes deeply, and by long intervals: on
moving its hmbs, it opens its mouth, and makes a rattle in the
throat ; after fome days it opens its eyes, and tries to ftand ;
but makes its efforts like a perfon much concerned in liquor;
at length, when it has attained its ufual attitude, it refts for a
long time in tranquillity, to recolleft itfdf, and recover from its
fatigue.

They begin to lay in their proviiions in Ji/guji; and will carry
grains of corn, corn in the ear, and peas and beans in the pods,
which they clean in their holes, and carry the hufks carefully out:
the pouches above mentioned are fo capacious as to hold a quar-
ter of a pint Englifi. As foon as they have finilhed their work,
they ftop up the mouth of their palTage carefully. As they lie
torpid during the whole fevere feafon, thefe hoards are defigned
for their fupport on their firfl: retreat, and in the fpring and be-
ginning of the fummer, before they can fupply themfclves in the
fields. In winter, the peafants go what they call a Hamjler-nejlingi
and when they difcover the retreat, dig down till they difcover the
hoard, and are commonly well paid; for, befides the ikins of the
animals, which are valuable furs, they find commonly two bufhels
of good grain in the magazine. Thefe animals are very fierce;
will jump at a horfe that happens to tread near them, and hang
by its nofe, fo that it is difficult to difengage them : they make a
noife like the barking of a dog. In fome feafons are fo numerous
as to occafion a dearth of corn. Pole-cats are their greateft ene-
mies ; for they purfue them into their holes, and deftroy numbers.

Vol. II. E e It

20^

^^o RAT.

Ic is remarkat)Ie, that the hair flicks fo clofe to the fkin, as not
to be plucked ofT without the utmofl: difficulty.

412. VoRUELA. In mv former edition I fvippofed the Vormela o( Jo-ricola * to

have been a variety of this kind. He fays it is lefs ; the whole
body marked with yellow and tawny fpots ; the tail cinereous,
and white tipped with black; but as he adds that it is a palm
and a half long, I muft refer it to another fpecies, or perhaps
genus; for it is not unlikely but that it is the fame with the Sar-
matian V/eejel, N° 239.

,^3. Y/Ok. ^^"^ accedula. Pallas No'v.fp.fa/c. i. 257. tab.xvui. A.

''~^ ' J^us migratorius. Pallas Itin. ii. jifp. 703.

"O with a thick fnout: blunt nofe : very flefhy lips: upper lip
^ • deeply divided : upper fore teeth fmall, yellow, convex
outwards, truncated ; the lower flender, pointed: eyes large : ears
great, oblongly oval, high above the fur, naked : tail very fhort,
cylindrical: color about the face white: upper part of the body
of a cinereous yellow, mixed with brown ; below of a hoary
whit€nefs.
gjjjg^ Length near four inches.

^lace ajjd Inhabits the deferts about x.\\t Talk : runs about during night,

JManners. \vhen it quits its burrow. It is faid by the Cajjacks to migrate in

great numbers out of the deferts, and to be followed by multi-
tudes of foxes, prefaging a good hunting- feafon : but Doftor
Fallai doubts whether this fpecies, or any of the pouched kinds,

• Ve anini. filter. ifiS,

5 g°

RAT. 2,,

go far from their home*, as thofe receptacles (dt provifion arc
calculated only for fliort excurfions*

MwsPliKUf. PaI/jsNov._/]--./a/c.i. i6i.tai.xv. A, 414. Zarizyk.

RH-kli the forehead much elcrated : edges of the eyelids
• bkck : ears naked, oval, ftanding far out of the fur : tall
very fliorr, flightly furred : color above, a hoary alh-color, with
long dufky hairs, running from the neck, along the middle of the
back, to the tail: the fides whitifli: th<c circumference of the
mouth, under fide of the body, and the extremities of the limbs,
of a fnowy whitenefs.

L,en2;th about three inches and a half. ^

■ 1 r ^ Size.

Inhabits the deferts 01 Ajtracau, about Z7;>ri';i ; and is taken in Place-'

traps frequently in winter, in places near to ftables and out-

houfcs. It is alfo comnion among the Hyrcanian mountains,

about the Perfian villages, where it commits great ravages among

the rice. It does not grow torpid during winter, as is proved by

the ftomachs of fuch which are taken in that feafon, being found

full of food.

Mus artna^ius. PaJLis Nov. fp.fafc.i. zbS. tab. -xvi. A. Ttin. \\. yJfip. -oi. ... c . ■

T> with a longifli head and fnout, and fharp nofe : the pouches
•*^* very large: ears great, oval, brownid-i : bodyfiiort: nails
white: color of the upper part of the body hoary: fides, belly,
Jimbs, and tail, of a pure white.

E e 2 Length

2X2

K A T.

Size. Length near four inches; tail above one.

Place. Inhabits the fandy plains of the Baraba, not far from the river

Irt'tfJ). The males inhabit a very deep burrow, with a fingle en-
trance, at the bottom of which is the neft, made of the Elymus arena'
nw, and other plants : other burrows, perhaps of the females, had
three entrances : in another, difcovered in May, were five young
in three nefts; two were preferved aUve j were untameable, very-
fierce, and would fling themfelves on their back, and defend
themfelves by biting: they went out only in the night, and hid
themfelves during day in their fodder.

416. SoKGAR, Mus fongarus. Pal/as Koi'. /p. /j/c. LzSg.tai.xvi.B. Itin. ii. //j>/i.yoi.

with a thick head and blunt nofe : ears oval, very thin, ap-

■• pear above the fur, are very flightly cloathed with hoary

down : tail very fliort, blunt, thick, and hairy : color above, a

cinereous grey, marked along the back, from head to tail, with »■

black line : fides of the head and body marked with great white

fpots in certain parts, running into one another,, in others bounded

with brown: belly and logs white.

„ Leno-th three inches.

Size. o r • 3 r j

Place. Inhabits, with the former, the Baraha, ufually ni the dry fandy

faline places: dwells during fiimmer in the fhallow nev/-begurv
buriows; thofe of the females have a very deep oblique paiTage
at the end of it : the nefl; formed of herbs ; in one of which were
feven young; from this neft ran another deep hole, perhaps the-
winter retreat. The young were much grown, yet blind. Doc-
tor Pallas prefcrved them long: they grow foon familiar, contrary

LXXX\'.

U. . . 'f/z/'^/'/r t "1.4/^.

R A T. 2,3

to the nature of other mice; would feed from his hand, lap milk,
and when placed on a table, fhew no defire of running avvayj but
were flower in all their motions than the other fpecies. They
waflied their faces with their paws, and eat fitting up: wan-
dered about in the day and morning: flept all night rolled up:
feldom made any cry, and when they did, it was like that of a
bat.

Mus furunculus. Pallas Nov. /p. /a/c,\, 2j-^, 417. Baraba.

Mus Barabenlls. Ilin, ii. Jpf. 704.

"O with a fharp nofe: large broad naked ears, du/ky edged
■•■^* with white : tail longer than that of the preceding : color
of the upper part of the body cinereous yellow, growing paler
towards the fides : below of a dirty white : from the hind part
of the neck extends a black line, reaching not quite to the tail;
tail white, marked above with a dufky line.

Length about three inches and a quarter : tail near one inch, s,2j

Inhabits the fandy plain oi Baraba, towards theO^; and be- Place,
tween the Onon and Argun, and about the lake Dalai in the Cki-
nefe empire. Nothing is known of their manners : the fpeci-
mens from whom the defcriptions were formed, were taken run-
ning about the fields.

The laft divifion of mice is of thofe which lead a fubterra-
neous life, like the Mole, which I take the liberty of naming

* * •* Mole-

Size.

R A T.

* ^ *

»*., Mole-Rat.

Ai8 Blind. Mas Typhlas. Pallas Nov. fp. fa/c.i. Com, Psfrif. xiv. i^ii. tal,.vm.iK.

^ ' htmm. Rzac>iinjk. AuJI. PMn. T,z^. De Mus oculisminuiifliinis, aunculis cauda-

Buffoiiy XV. 142. que nullis, Leptchin. ibid. 509. tab. xv,

Slepez. Gmclin Ilin. i. 131. tab. xxii. Podoliati Marmot. Syn. quad. N° 204.

Spalax microphthalmus. GueUenJi. Nov.

with a great head broader than the body : not the "left aper-
ture for the eyes; yet beneath the fkin are the rudiments
of thofe organs, not bigger than the feed of a poppy : no exter-
nal ears; the end of the nofe covered with a thick ikin : noftrlls
very remote, and placed below: the mouth gaping, and the teeth
expofed : upper fore teeth lliort, lower very long, and none of
them hid by the lip; ends quite even: body cylindrical : limbs
very fliort: five toes on each foot, all feparated, except by a thin
membrane near the bafe : claws fliort : hair univerfally (liort,
thick, and very foft; dufky at the bottom, at the ends of a cine-
reous grey: the fpace about the nofe, and above the mouth,
white.

Length between fcven and eight inches : weight of a male
above eight ounces.
Place. Inhabits only the fouthern parts oi Riiffia, from PoAmi to the

Volga, but is not found any where to the eaft of that river ;
but is very common from the Sxfyan to the Sarpa: is frequent
along the Don, even to its origin, and about the town of RcijJ:,
excepting the fandy parts, for it deliglus in moiit and turfy foils.

RAT.

It lives in great numbers in the fame places with the Earless
Marmots,

h forms burrows beneath the turf for a very confiderable ex-
tent, with feveral lateral pafTiges made in qucft of roots, on which
it feeds, At the interval ol: fome yards, there are openings to the
furface to difcharge the earth, which forms in thofe places hillocks
of two yards in circumference, and of a great height. It works its
way with its great teeth, and cafts the earth under its belly with
the fore feet, and again behind it, with its hind feet: it works
with great agility; and on any apprehenfion of an enemy, it
forms inftantly a perpendicular burrow. The bite of this animal
is very fevere. It cannot fee its aflailant, but lifts up its head in a
menacing attitude. When irritated, it fnorts, and gnalhes its
teeth, but emits no cry. It often quits its hole, efpecially in the
morning, and during the amorous feafon bafks with the female in
the fun. It does not appear that it lies torpid during winter,
nor whether it lays in provifion for that feafon. It is particularly
fond of the bulbous Charophyllum.

The Rujpans call it Slepez, or the blind : the Cqffjcks, for the
fame reafon, ftyle it Sfochor Nomon. In Ukraine, the vulgar be-
lieve that the touch of a hand, which has fuffocated this animal,
has the fame virtue in curing the king's-evil, as was once believed
to be inherent in the abdicated family of Great Briiain,

2^5

Mus

ti6 RAT.

419. DaUU*ian. Mus Afpalax. Pallas Nov./f./a/c. i. 165. taL X. ///'«. iii. 692."

Mas Myofpalax. Laxman,

with a thick flat head : fhort fnout: blunt nofe, fit for di ed-
ging: upper fore teeth naked; lower covered with a
moveable lip: no external ears: eyes very fmall, yet vifible, lodged
deeply in their fockets, which are fo minute as fcarcely to admit
a grain of millet: body fliort, and deprefled : limbs very ftrong,
■efpecially the fore legs: fore feet large, and adapted for digging;
naked, and furniflied with five toes, and very long and ftrong
claws, nightly bent, on the three middle : hind feet naked to the
heel ; on each are five toes with fmall claws : tail ihort : hair fofr,
and loofe: color at bottom dufky, outwardly of a dirty cine-
reous grey : in fome is a white line on the hind part of the
head.

Sizr. Differs in fize. Thofe of the Jlfaic chain are near nine inches

from nofe to tall : thofe about lake Baikal not fix : the tail of the
former is near two inches long.

Place, Inhabits, firft, the Jlto:ic mountains ; and again beyond lake

Baikal, and from thence for fome fpace fouthward; but none are
found to the north. In the former it lives on the bulbs of the
Eyythronium ; in the latter on thofe of the LiUiiin Pomponium.

It burrows like the former, a little below the furface, and
fpreads over an extent of a hundred fathoms; and the direflion
it takes is known by the number of hillocks.

Its voice is weak and plaintive. It digs with both nofe and
fore feet; but lefs than the preceding with the teeth : by commi-
nuting the earth, and flinging it up in hillocks, it prepares the

ground

RAT. 217

ground for the reception of various kinds of rare feeds; which
grow ufually in greater plenty about fuch places than any others.

The 'Tangpft, about lake Baikal, call this fpecies Mono}i Zokor,
or blind; yet it is not quite deprived of fight. The Ri'Jfiam ftyle
it Semimaja Medzvedka, or Earth Bear.

"O with a large head : nofe black ; end flatted and corrugated : 420. African.

'■■^* eyes minute, much hid in the fur: no ears: upper teeth

one-third of an inch long, fulcated lengthways; lower, one inch

and a quarter, expofed to view : legs (liort : on the fore legs are o-

four toes and a thumb, detached and free : inmoft toe the longeft, ,

the others gradually fliorten: on the thumb is a ftiort claw; the

other claws are very long, and flightly bent : the foles are naked,

and diftinguiflied by two great tubercles: hind feet very long,

large, and naked, which the animal refts on even to the heel:

they have five toes with fliort claws.

Tail compreffed, and covered above and below with fhort
hairs : on the fides befet with very long briftles difpofed horizon-
tally.

Color a cinereous brown, paleft on the lower parts.

Length to the tail thirteen inches: tail two> Size.

Inhabits the fandy country near the Cape of Good Hope, where Place.
it is called Sand Moll. It burrows, and flings up hillocks, like the
former; and renders the ground fo hollow, as to be very incon-
venient to travellers; for it breaks every fix or feven minutes un-
der the horfes feet, and lets them in up to the flioulders. This
animal feeds on the roots of Ix'ia, Gladioli, Antholjza, and Jrides ;

Vol, II. F f grows

2i8 R A T.

grows to the fize of a rabbet, and is by fome efceemcd a good
difli *. This, from its fupcrior lize, 1 fuppofc to be the !<a/jd
Moll of Mr. Mcifon.

421. Cape. MasCzpsnfis. Pal/as No'v./p./a/c.i. lyz. xlvi.

f^6. vii. La Taupe du Cap. Journal h'Jl. fg. 64.

Long- toothed Marmot. Brtiuii'iZooLtab.

with a blunt nofe: minute round noftrils: eyes fmall, but
■• larger than thofe of the preceding: no ears: upper fore
teeth contiguous, truncated ; lower, an inch long, not contiguous,
bend upwards, excavated on the upper furface : end of the nofe
naked and black, the reft white : chin, and lower fides of the
cheeks, of the fame color: fpace round the ears and eyes white:
on the hind part of the head is a white fpot; reft of the head,
cheeks, back, and fides, of a rufty brown, and cinereous :
belly cinereous: five flender toes on each foot, furni(hed with
fmall claws : tail very fhort, befet with briftles.
Size. Length, from nofe to tail, about feven inches.

Is very common about the Cafe, and very deftrudlive to gar-
dens ; flings up hillocks, and eats roots of various kinds.

f MaffbnU Irav. Ph. Travf, Ixvi, 304, De la Caille, 299.

Mus

LTSSM..

■/Jd'.

o
4ZI.

R A T. 219

Mus Talpinus. Pallas Nev.fp.fafc. i. 176. tah. xi. B. Nov. Com. Pelrop. xiv. 568. 4?2. Talfike.
tab. xxi.Jjg. 3.

"O with a large fhort head: thick fnout: nofe truncated: up-
■*'^* per teeth extending out of the mouth, long and flat:
lower longer, rounded at the ends: ej'es fmall, hid in tlie fur: no
ears: the aperture bounded beliind by a fmall rim: body fhort:
fore feet ftrong: on thofe, and on the hind feet, five toes fur-
niQied with fmall claws: tail very (hort, fcarcely appearing be-
yond the fur: color of the head, nofe, back, and fides, dufky:
cheeks greyilh : chin white: belly and limbs whitilh-

Length near four inches. 5,2e.

InhaL)its all the open grounds and commons of the temperate Place.
parts of Rujia and weftern Siberia, but fcarcely any beyond the
JrtiJJT, and none as far as the Oby.

Loves a black turfy foil, and is frequent in meadows near vil- Manners.
luges: feldom in fandy or mudded tracts: always abound where
there is plenty of Phlomis tuberofa, and Lathyrus efctdentus. Its
place is known by the little hillocks it flings up along the courfe
of its burrow, which is of great extent ; for this reafon the Ruf-
Jidiis call it Semleroika, or Eartb -digger. In thefe burrows it lurks
all the day, but in evening and morning renews its labors ; nor
do?s it quit its hole unlefs to fling out the earth, or in the feafon
of love to feek a mate, or to change the place of its habitation.
It does not bear the full light of day; therefore its kw excur-
iions are ufually in the evenings.

It does not grow torpid in winter ; but makes its neft beneath
fome flirub or hay-nck, and deep in the ground, and keep them-

F f 2 felves

220 RAT.

felves warm by lining it wich fofc grafs : and often make a lodge,
which they fill with tuberous roots. During the cold feafon their
fur grows univerflxlly thicker and longer.

It is very eafily taken : but Icon grows fick in confinement,
unlefs a quantity of earth is put into the place. They emit a
puling note, but that rarely: they often gnafh, and, as it were,
whet their teeth againft each other.

They are in heat the end of March, or beginning oi April; at
that time the females have a flrong mufky fmell. They bring
three or four at a time.

They fometiraes vary in color, and are found quite black.

Two

SHREW. 221

Two cutting teeth in each jaw, pointing forward. XXXTV.

Long flender nofe : fmall ears.
Five toes on each foot.

SHREW.

Mus aquaticus. C/;//f? fAoc. 373. Worm. DxCmzn, Faun, /use. No. 2i. DeBuffon, 422. Musky"

Muf. 334. X. I. i- i* •

Mufcovy or Mufkrat. ^«V_/J». yaa;/. 217. Caftor cauda veriical'ter plana, digitis

Nov. Com. Pttrip. ivr. 3B3. omnibus membranis inter fe connexis.

Caftor molchatus. C. Cauda longa com- Briffon quad 02.

prefTo-lanceolaia, pedibiis palmatis. Long-nofed Beaver. 5)'a. f»«^. N° 192.

Lin./yjl. 79.

O with a long flender nofe, like that of a flirevv-moufe : no ex-
*^* ternal ears: very fmall eyes; tail compreffed fideways :
color of the head and back dufky; the belly vvhitifli alh-color:
length, from nofe to tail, feven inches ; tail eight.

Inhabits the river Volga and lakes adjacent, from Novogorod to
Saratof; never found in RiiJJia, and its exiftence in Lapland doubt-
ed*. Never goes upon dry land, but wanders from lake to lake,
only in fortuitous floods: is often feen fwimmingor walking under
the water : comes up for air to the furface, or in clear weather
fporting on the furface: loves ftagnating waters with high banks,
in which it makes burrows twenty feet long: feeds on leeches, and
the larvae of water infeds : a few fragments of roots have alfo been
fovind in the ftomach. Is not torpid during winter, being often in
that feafon taken in netsi". Is very flow in its pace: makes holes
in the cliffs, with the entrance far beneath the loweft fall of the

* Dr. Pallas, MSS. t The fame.

water;

222 S H R E W.

water; works upwards, but never to the furface, only liioh enough
to lie beyond the higheft flow of the river : feeds on fi[h : is de-
voured by the Pikes and Siluri, and gives thofe fi(h fo fl:rong a fla-
vor of mufk, as to render them not eatable : has the fame fcent as
the former, efpecially about the tail : out of which is exprefled a
fort of muflc, very much refembling the genuine kind *. The fkins
are put into chefts among cloaths, to drive away moths f, and to
preferve the wearers from peUilence and fevers.

At Orenhurg, the fliins and tails fell for fifteen or twenty copccs
per hundred. They are fo comn:on near Nizney ISovogorod, that
the peafants bring five hundred apiece to market, where they
are fold for one ruble per hundred. The German name for thefe
animals is Biefem-ralze; the RnJjlaHf Hyckozhol.

424. PeK fuming. ^^"^ P|l°"'^,« \ VallasKc^ufp. fafc. i 91.

^ ^ Mus albus Ceylomcus? Bi-ijjon, izz. Ltv. Mus.

Q with a long flender nofe : upper jaw extending far beyond
*^' the lower: upper fore teeth fliort : lower long, flender, in-
curvated: whilkers long and white: eyes fmall; ears tranfpa-
rent, broad, and round : hair fliort and clofe, en head and body,
of a fine pale cerulean : the belly lighter : feet naked and pink-
colored.

Length from nofe to tail near eight inches; tail three and a

* Schcifr in Muller's Samlung Rtijf. vii. 41. 42.
t RtMoffQnnb. T'cpogr. i. 286.

half;

LXXXXTl.

^/r/////f//fy ' '///?■/■/■ , (v

V~V-

S H R E \V,

half: quite naked, round, thick at the bafe, tapering to a point;
and of the fame color with the feet.

Inhabits Java, and others of the EcyJ Ir.dian ifi,-\nds ; eats rice;
has fo ftrong a fcent of muflc as to perfume every thing it runs over.
I have it fiom the nioil undoubted authorit}', thit it \v!U render
the wine in a well-corked bottle not drinkable, by merely pafCng
over it. Cats will not touch them.

Tucan. Hernandez Nov. Hij]!. y. Le Tucan. De Buffon^xw i^(). .^._ McXICan.

Q with a Hiarp nofe: fmall round ears: without fight: two
*^* long fore teeth above and below : thick, fat, and flefliy
body : fliort legs, fo that the belly almoft touches the ground:
long crooked claws : tawny hair : fhort tail : length, from nofe
to tail, nine inches.

Inhabits Mexico : burrows, and makes fuch a number of cavi-
ties, that travellers can fcarcely tread with fafety : if it gets out
of its hole, does not know how to return, but begins to dig ano-
ther: grows very fat, and is eatable: feeds on roots, kidney-
beans, and other feeds. M. de Bufon thinks it is a Mole ; but by
the ears, it fhould be claffed here.

Mus araneus figura murls. Marcgraue La mufaraigne de Brafil. De Buffon, xv. j.26. Brasilian
Biajil. 229. 160.

Q with a (harp nofe and teeth: pendulous fcrotum: of a dufky
^* color, marked along the back with three broad black
ftrokes : length, from nofe to tail, five inches ; tail two.

5 Inhabits

C24

SHREW.

Inhibits Brajil: does not fear the cat: neither does that ani-
mal hunt after it.

427. Murine. S.murinus. S. Cauda mediocri, corporefufco, pedibuscaudaque cinereis, Liiti

Q with a long nofe, hollowed beneath : very long hairs about
^* the noftrils: ears rounded, and rather naked: of an afh-
color : body of the fize of a common moufe : tail a little (horter
than the body, and not io hairy.
Inhabits Java.

428. FoeriD.

lAvyaM, ^liat! hijl. An. lib, vi. c. 22.

MfsysRu. Diofctrid. lib. n.c. 42.

Mus araneus. Jgricola An. Subter. 485.

Gefner quad. 747.
Mus araneus, mus cscus. Ge/ner icon.

116.
Mus araneus. Shrew, Shrew-moufe, or

hardy Shrew. Rati fyn. quad. 2;, 3.
Mus araneus roftro produftiore Spitf-

maus. Klein quad, 57. Kramer Aujir.

317-

Sorex araneus. S. Cauda mediocri, cor-
pora fubtus albido. Lin.fyft. 74,

Nabbmus. Faun./uec. No. 24.

Mus arancui. fupra ex fufco rufus, infra
albicans. Bnjfon quad, 126.

La Mufaraigne. De Btiffbn, viii. 57.
lab. X.

Shrew-moufe. Br.Zool.i. 112.

Placi.

Q with (hort rounded ears: eyes fmall, and almoft hid in the
*^* fur: nofe long and flender, upper part the longefi; : head
and upper part of the body of a brownifh red : belly of a dirty
white : length, from nofe to tail, two inches and a half; tail one
and a half.

Inhabits Europe, Siberia, and even the ArElic flats, and Kamt-
fchatka ; it is alio found about the Cafpian fea ; lives in old walls,

heaps

S H R E W. aa^

heaps of ftones, or holes in the earth: is frequently near hay-
ricks, dunghills, and neceflary-houfes: lives on corn, infeds, and
any filth: is often obfcrved rooting in ordure, like a hog : from
its food, or the places it frequents, has a difagreeable fmell :
cats will kill, but not eat it : brings four or five young at a
time. The antlents believed it was injurious to cattle, an error
now detefted. There feems to be an annual mortality of thefe
animals in ^ugi'Jl, numbers being then found dead in the paths.

Mus araneus dorfo nigro, ventreque albo, 6^.tah.\\. Watfk

Merret Pinax, 167. Water Shrew-moufe. Br. Zoo!, illujlr. *

Sorex fodiens. Pallas*. tab. ci\. Ltv, Mus.

La Mufaraigne d'Eau. De Bt/ffon, viii.

Q with a long flender nofe : very minute ears; and within
• each a tuft of white hairs: very fmall eyes, hid in the fur:
color of the head and upper part of the body black : throat,
breaft, and belly, of a light afh-color: the feet white: beneath
the tail a triangular dufky fpot: much larger than the laft :
length, from nofe to tail, three inches three quarters; tail two
inches.

Inhabits Europe and Siberia^ as far at left as the river Jenefei\ Plaoe.
long fince known in England, but loft till May 176S, when it
was difcovered in the fens near Revefly Jbby, Lincolnjlnre : bur-
rows in the banks near the water; and is faid to fwim under wa-

• Dodlor Pallas favored me with feveral prints of this animal in 1765, but never
publilhed them: he difcovered it near Berlin: it is called there Graber, or The
Digger.

Vol. II. G g ter :

226 SHREW.

ter*: Is called by the Fen-men the 5/W Moufe: chirrups like
. a grafshopper, and its note often miflaken for one.

430. Elephant. Q with a very long, flender and little nofe : the whole animal of a
• deep brown color.

Inhabits the neighborhood of the Cape of Good Hope: called the

Place. Elephant, from its probofcis-like fnoiit: engraven from a drawing by

Mr. Paterfon. ' This animal has been very ill reprefented by Petiver

in his Gazoph. Dec. iii. tab. xxiii. fig. 9. under the title of Mus

araneus maximus Capen/is.

Sorex marinus. Gm.Lin. 114.
431. Marine.

Swlth elongated fnout, channel'd below : ears rounded, and
• naked: fur of adufky color; whiikers grey: tail a litde fliorter
than the body : fize of the common moufe.

Inhabits Java.

43Z. Surinam. C ^^''^^ ^^^^ "P^'*" P^" °^ ^^^ body bay; the lower pale afh,
*^' mixed with yellow: tail one half (hotter than the body.
Inhabits Surinam.

* L, BaUnir/m. 137.

Sorex

LXX5MJ1.

z-zO'.

f^ /i'// //ff/// ■-. W/ /r^f ■ ■-. y. 43

S H R E W, 227

Sorex pufillus, Erxhlet, iiz. Gm, Lin, 114, ^jj, Persian.

Q with the body hoary above, cinereous beneath : \.!l\\ (fuluilftichd)
fliort, and whicifh: length of the body three inches feven
lines; tail one inch one line.

Inhabits the north oi Perfia: burrows and Hves below ground.

Eorex mlnutus. S. roftro longlffimo. Lin. Jyjl.ll, 43^. Mikuti.

Q with a head near as big as the body : very flender iiofe :
^' broad fhort naked ears: whifkers reaching to the eyes:
eyes fmall, and capable of being drawn in: hair very tine and
fliining ; grey above, white beneath : no tail.

Inhabits Siberia, about the Oby and near the Kama: lives in a
neft made of lichens, in fome moift place beneath the roots of
trees : lives on feeds: digs : runs fwiftly : has the voice of a bat.

Sorexexilis. Gm.Lin. iij. ^^5. Pycmv.

Q with a very long flender nofe : in fhape and color like the
^* FOETID, but paler : the tail very flender near the roots, then
fuddenly grows remarkably thick and round; and again grows
gradually lefs to the end.

LinNjEus imagines that the lall is the left of. quadrupeds.

Doftor Pallas, who communicated this fpecies, thinks this has

G 2; 2 a better

22$ S H R E W.

a better clame to that title, as its weight is only equal to, or very-
little above half a drachm.

Is very common between, and about the rivers Jenefei and
Oby.

436. White- Q of a dufky cinereous color: belly white: cutting teeth
TOOTHED. O. ^yhite . Jail fiender and hairy.

437. SciUARE- Q of a dufky cinereous color: belly paler: cutting teeth

TAILED.

brownifh : tail inclines to a fquared form.
This fpecies has no bad fmell.

438. Carinated. O of a dufky cinereous whitifli on the belly, with brownifh
*^* foreteeth: a white fpot beyond each eye: tail fiender and.
taper, carinated or ridged below.

450, Unicolor. O of^ ^n uniform dufky cinereous color: bafe of the tail nar-
*^* row, or comprefTed.
Place. "^^^ above four fpecies inhabit the neighborhood of Straf-

bourg, and were difcovered by ProfefTor Herman.

Long

MOLE.

229

Long nofe: upper jaw much longer than the lower. XXXV

No ears. MOLE.

Fore feet very broad, with fcarcely any apparent legs before:
hind feet fmalU.

r 3.\pz. J^nrola Jn. Suker-. ^go. Ge/ner pentadaayUs. Z/»._^7?. 73. Euroitav

jiiaJ. 9U. Kleh quad. 6 Mullvad, Surk. Faun, fuec. No. 23. Br. ^^ -til. ROfE AN.

Talpa, the Mole. Mold-warp, or Want. Zoo/, i. 108.

Rail ,'jn. (juad. 236. Talpa caudata, nigricans pedibus anticis

Kret. Rzacz.^njKi Po!o>!. 2^6. et polUcis pentadadylis. Briffoa quad.

Scheer, Scheer-maufs. Maul-wurf. Kra- 2 03.

mer .'luflt - 314. La T.mpe. I)e Buffon, viii. 81. tab. xii.

Talpa Luiopaus. T. caudata, pedibus Lev. Mus.

"j^yr with very minute eyes, hid in the fur: long fnout: fix
"^~ • cutting teeth in the upper, eight in the lower jaw, and
two canine in each : no external ears, only an orifice : fore part
of the body thick and mufcular; hind part taper: fore feet placed
obliquely, broad, and like hands : five toes, each terminated by
flrong claws : hind feet very fmall, with five toes to each : tail
fhort : fkin very tough, fo as fcarcely to be cut through : hair
fhort, clofe fet, fofter than the fineft velvet: ufually black, fome-
times fpotted * with white; fomctimes quite white: length five
inches three quarters; tail one.

Inhabits £z«-o/i^, and the temperate or fouthern parts of i??^(j Plac?
and Siberia^ as far as the River Lena. The Siberian is much larger
than the European Mole.

• Spotted Mole, Edu: 268.

230

MaMN ER3,

M OLE,

It lives under ground : burrows with vaft rapidity with its fore
feet; flings the earth bick with its hind feet: has the fcnic of
fmelling exquifite, which dirctfls it to its food — worms, init-ds,
and roots: does vaft damage in gardens, by flinging up the foil
and loofening the roots &f plants ; is mod aftive before rain, and
in winter before a thaw, worms being then in motion : breeds in
the fpring: brings four or five young at a time; makes its neft
of mofs, a little beneath the furface of the ground, under the
greateft hillock : raifes no hillocks in dry weather, being then
obliged to penetrate deep after its prey : makes a great fcreani
when taken. Pah>ia Chrijli and white hellebore, made into a pafte,
and laid in their holes, deftroys them. None in Ireland.

j3. Yellow M. in form refembling the European, but larger,
being fix inches two-tenths long ; the tail one inch : hair foft,
filky, and glofl"y, of a yellowifh brown color at the ends; dark
grey at the roots: brighteft about the head; darkeft about
the rump: belly of a deep cinereous brown: feet and tail
white.

Inhabits N. America. Defcribed from a fkin in which the
jaws were taken out.

T«lpa

.XWl.V

:;:U.

( a//C ■ Iff/'- t /. 4 -I'

MOLE.

231

TalpaSibiricusverricolor,-i^<»/avdi£lus.

Seb. Muf. i. 51. tab. xxxii. Jig. 4, 5.

Klein qu id. 6"',
Talpa 'Vfiatica. T. ecaudata, palmis trU

dadtylis. I.in. fyft. y 1,.
Talpa ecaudata, ex viridiaurea, pedibus

antic!strida<^ylis,pofticistetradaflylis,

Brjj'on qua!. 06.
la Taupe doree. De B--fo'u xv. 14;.
Variable Mole. Bro^tCi Zool. 1 1 8. tab.

44.

441. Siberian.

"]\/r with the nofe fhort and blunt: fpace between the tip, and
■'■'^-*-* corner of the mouth covered with pale brown hair: from
the corner of the mouth, a broad whitifh bar points upwards along
the fides of the head : color of the hair on the upper part of the
body varied with glofly green and copper-color: below is of a
cinereous brown : in the upper jaw arc two fharp cutting teeth ;
in the lower the fame, with a fharp canine tooth contiguous to
them on each fide.

On the fore feet three toes with vaft claws ; that on the outmoft
toe exceedingly large : on the hind feet five fmall toes and weak
claws: ho tail: rump round.

Length four inches.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope, not Siberia, as Seha fuppofes :
Whether this is the Bles Moll of the Dutchj which lives in the
harder grounds about the Cape *, I cannot determine.

* Maffon^s Trav. Ph. Tranf. Ixvi, 305.

Teeth.

Size.
Place.

Sorex

232 M O L E.

442. Radiatep. Sorex criftatus. S. naribus carunculatis, cauda breviore. Lin. JyJI. j^.

Lev. Mus.

with fmall but broad fore legs; five long white claws on
' each: nofe long; the edges befet with radiited tendrils :
hair on the body dufky, veryfliort, fine, and com pad; on the
nofe longer : the hind legs lialy : five toes on each foot : length,
from nofe to tail, three inhes three quarters ; tail flender, round,
and taper; one inch three-tenths long.
Place. Inhabits N. America. Forms fubterraneous paflages, in dif-

ferent diredions, in uncultivated fields ; railes walks about two
inches high and a palm broad: the holes often give way and let
iu the walkers. Feeds on roots ; has great ftrength in its legs.

443. Long-tail- TV/T with a radiated nofe: the fore feet pretty broad, hind feet
"^ • very fcaly, with a few fliurt hairs on them: the claws on
the fore feet like thofe of the common Mole ; on the hind very
long and flender: hair on the nofe and body foft, long, and of a
rufty brown color: tail covered with fhort hair; the length two
inches ; that of nofe and body four inches fix-tenths.
Place. \r\\\-xh\xs N. America. Lev. Mus.

j}44. Browk. Sorex aquaticus. S. plantis palmatis, palmis caudaque breviore albis.

Lin.JyJl. 74. Lev. Mus.

Tl yr with a flender nofe ; upper jaw much longer than the
-*•-*■• lower; two cutting teeth in the upper, four in the lower,
the two middle of which are very fmall : no canine teeth; fore

feet

NiC

., \.443.

MOLE. 23J

feet very broad ; nails long : hind feet fmall ; five claws on
each: hair very fofc and glofly, brown at the ends, deep grey ac
the bottom : tail and feet white: length, from nofe to tail, five
inches and a half: tail very flender, not an inch long.

Inhabits N. America: called there the Brown Mole: fent from Place.
JS^ezv Im-k by Mr. A. Blackburns, with |3. Yellow Mole, and No.
44-2 and 443. The black and fhining purple Virginian Mole,
defcribed by Seba* as the fame with the common kind, was not
among thofe that gentleman favoured us with. Linnaus places
this, and our radiated Mole, in his clafs of Sorex, or Shrew, on
account of the difference of the teeth ; but as thefe animals pof-
fefs the ftronger charadters of the Mole, fuch as form of nofc and
body, fhape of itct, and even the manners, we think them better
adapted to this genus than to the preceding.

Talpa rubra Ameiicana. S£i5. Ma/", i. 51. /fl^. xxxii.7%. 2. di'. Rkb.

T^jT of a cinereous red color: three toes on the fore feet, four
^^^* on the hind : form of the body and tail like the European
kind.

According to Seba, it inhshks America ; but he does not in^
form us whether it is North or Soutb.

• L 5 1 . tab. xxxii. fig. 4.

Vol, ir, I\h

Five

C34 H E D G E - H O G.

^ XXXVT. _ Five toes on each foot.

"^ * Body covered with (Irong fliort fplnes.

4l6. Common. Erinaceus. Jgrkola J>t. Snblcr. \^i. datis nar'ibus criftatis. Lin. fyjl. I^.

Echinus terrcilris. Gefner quad. 368. Igelkott. Faun.fuec. N" 22. Br. Zoo!, i.

Echinus fc. Erinaceus ferreftris. Urchin, ' 106.

or Hedge-hog. Raii j'yn. quad, zil. Erinaceus aurlculis ereftis. Brffm quad.

Jez. Rzaczi'-Jki Po!a>i. 233. 128. Sd. Muf. \. 78. tab. xlix.

Acandiion vulgaris ndlbas. Khinquad. 56. L'Heriffon. De Buffon, viii. 28. tah. v'u

Igd. Kramer Auftr.i\^^. Hsrbe, vel Ganfud. Forjlal, iii. Lev.

Erinaceus Europeus. E. auriculis rotun- Mus.

with a long nofe : noflrils bordered on each fide with a
•" loofe fiap,: ears rounded, fhort, broad, and naked: eyes
fmall : legs fliort, naked, and dufky : inner toe the fhorceft:
claws weak : upper part of the face, the fides, and rump, covered
with flrong coarfe hair of a yellowifh and cinereous color; the
back, with ftrong fliarp fpines of a whitifli color, with a bar of
black through their middle: tail an inch long: length, from nofe
to taiii ten inches.
Place. Inhabits Europe aud Madiigdfcar* ; is common in many parts

of RuJJia, but fcartely or ever found in Siberia: is in motion
during night; keeps retired in the diy : fee.is on roois, fruits,
worms, and infefts : erroneoufly charged vvith fucking cows .and
hurting their udders: rcfides in fnia!! thickets, in hedges, and at
the bo ro'ii u: I'.'^chcs covered vvith buQics; lies w;-"!! vvre-)ped up in

* vi.. court 1'oj. M.tdagafcor, 1 52,' where th-jy are c^'.li-i Sara,

HEDGE- HOG.

mofs, grafs, or leaves, and dining winter rolls itfelf up and flecps
out that dreary fcafon : a mild and helpltls animal ; on approach
of an enemy, rolls itfdf into the form of a hall, and is thsii m-
vulnerable.

Erlnaceus Auiitus. Paliaj ScGme/h, in Nov. com. Pi/np. xlv. ^ig. ^j^, tai, xvi, ,i-r, £icekian.
and xxi. Jig. 4.

TT with the upper jaw long and flender : with very large open
•*-■*■• oval ears, naked, brown round the edges, widi foft whitifh
hairs within : tail fliorter than that of the common hedge-hog :
upper part of the body covered with flender bro'.vn fpines, encom-
pafled at the bafe, and near the ends, with a ring of white: the
limbs and belly cloathed with a moft elegant foft white fur.

Generally much inferior in fize to the common kind ; but be-
jfond Baikal is found much larger than that fpecies.

Is very common in all the fouthern deferts, from the Dot to Place.
the Oby.

Grows very fat : lleeps all the winter, lodged in a hole a few
inches deep: lives on infefts, even the moft cauftic, and will eat
(as experiment has been made) above a hundred Cantharides
without any injury : rolls itfelf up, and has all the manners of
the common kind.

H h 2 Ut

2;6 H E D G E - H O G.

<}.]8. Asiatic. Le petit Tandrek. So!ineraf,'Z!By.n. m^G. Le Tendrac, et Le Tanrcc. De Bi/fon,
tab.xcviij. xii. 438.

with a long flender nofe : fhort rounded ears: fiiort legs:
' the body marked longitudinally with five broad lines of
black, and the fame of white ; which arc continued over the flioul-
dcrs and thighs : the white marks confift of fliort fpines; the black
marks are furniflied with long loofe hairs, which fall quite to the
crround : head and face quite black : no tail : length feven inches.
M. de Biiffon has given the figure of a young one.

The other, or the Tanrec, is rather larger: covered with fpines,
only on the top and hind part of the head, the top and fides of
the neck, and the fhoulders ; the longeft were on the upper part
of the neck, and ftood ereft : the reft of the body was covered
with yellowilh briftles, among which were intermixed fome that
were black, and much longer than the others. Each of thefe ani-
mals, which are varieties or young of the fame fpecies, had five toes
on each foot.
Place. Inhabit the ifles oi India, and that oi Madagafiar: are, when

of their full growth, of the fize of* rabbets: grunt like hogs:
grow very fat: miiltiply greatly: frequent -f fhallow pieces of
freOi or fait water: they burrow on land : lie torpid during fix
months, during which time their old hair falls off. Their flefh is
£aten by the Lidians, but is very flabby and infipid.

* Dutci <voy. Eaft Indies, 203. Thofe in the cabinet of the French King were
much fmaller; probably young.

i Cauche voj, Madagafcar, 53. Flacourt hifi, MadagaJ<ar, 152.

American

X.C A.

■Z-30'.

2 . O T.Hf/^/r t 1 . 44s.

H E D G E - H O G. 237

AmeTica.n Hedge-hog. Sancn/t Guiana, Lin./yP.'j^.Bri/roiiquaJ.J'^i. ^.^g, Guiana;

144. Erinaceus Americanus albus. Seb. Muf.

Erinaceus inauris. E. aurlculis nuHis. 'wfi. tab. fig, ■^.

without external ears, having only two orifices for hearing:
• has a fliort thick head: back and fides covered with fliort
fpines of an alh-color, tinged with yellow: face, belly, legs, and
tail, covered witii foft whitifh hair: above the eyes, of a chef-
nvit color; the hind part and fides of the head of a deeper color :
length, from nofe to tail, eight inches: tail fliort: claws long
and crooked.

Inhabits G»/j;;<7. Place.

DIV.

D I V. II. Sect. IV.

DIGITATED QJJ ADRUPEDS
Without Cutting: Teeth.

24^

SLOTH.

DIV. II. Sect. IV. Digitated Quadrupeds.

xxxvir.

SLOTH.

Without cutting teeth in either Jaw.
With canine teeth and grinders.
Fore legs much longer than the hind.
Long claws.

450. ThTREE- ArftopithecuE. dfier quad. S69. Iccn.

TOED. T-"'-'^- 9^

Ignavus five per ailupMai* Agilis. Cluf.

exot. 1 10. 372.
Ai, five Ignavus. Ma'-cgrai'i- Brajil. 22 1.
Sloth. Rail Jy>!, quad. 245, Edvj, 310.
Ignavus A mericanus, lil'um flecumii'cens.

Kleii quad, 43 .
Tardigradus pedibus anticis & poflicia

tridaflylis. BriJJon qitad. 2 1 .

Ai, five Tardigradus gracilis America-

nus. Seb. Mtif. xxxni. fg. 2. Schreier^

ii. 7. tab. Ixiv.
Ouaikare, Pareffeux. Barrere France

ALquin. 154.
Bradypus tridadiylus. B. pedibus tridac-

tylis Cauda brevi. Lin.JyJl. 50.
L'Ai. De Btifon, xiii. 44. tab, v. vL-

Br.Muf. Lev. Mus.

with a blunt black nofe, a little lengthened: veryfmallex-
• ternal ears : eyes fmall, black, and heavy; from the corner
of each a duiky line : color of the face and throat a dirty white:
hair on the limbs and body long and very uneven, of a cinereous
brown color, with a black line along the middle of the back :
each fide, about the (boulders, is daftied with ruft-color; the reft
of the back and limbs fpotted irregularly with black. The
young, fuch as I fufpecfl that to be in the Britijh Mufeum, have
few or no fpots. Tail (hort, a meer ftump : legs thick, long, and
^ auk ward ly

■y.4'

\(.-i

S L O T H.

241

aukvvardly placed: face naked: three toes, and three very long
claws on each foot.

It grows, as Nieuhoff remarks, to the bulk of a middle-fized 3,2^,
fox *.

Inhabits moft parts of the eafhern fide of South America: the Place.
moft fluggifh and moft flow of all animals; feems to move with
the iitmoft pain ; makes a great progrefs if it can go a quarter of
a league in a dayf: afcends trees, in which it generally lives, with Manners.
much difficulty : its food is fruit, or the leaves of trees ; if it
cannot find fruit on the ground, looks out for a tree well loaded,
and with great pains climbs up : to fave the trouble of defcend-
ing, flings off the fruit, and forming itfelf into a ball, drops from
the branches ; continues at the foot till it has devoured all ; nor
ever ftirs, till compelled by hunger \ : its motion is attended
with a moft moving and plaintive cry, which at once produces
pity and difguft, and is its only defence ; for every beaft of prey is
fo affeded by the noife, as to quit it with horror || : its mouth is
. never without foam: its note, according to Kircher, is an afcend-
ing and defcending hexachord^, which it utters only by night:
its look is fo piteous as to move compaflion ; it is alfo accom-
panied with tears, which diffuade every body from injuring fo
wretched a being: its abftinence from food is remarkably power-
ful; one that had faftened itfelf by its feet to a pole, and was fo
fufpended crofs two beams, remained forty days without meat,

• Nieuhoff' strav. Churchill's cellea. ii. 1 8.
+ Gumilla Orenoque, ii. 13.
X Vlka's nioy. i. 103.
II Ibtd.

§ Kircher s Mufurgia, as quoted by Mr, Stillinofleet, in his mifcellaneous
trails, /I, 100.

Vol. II. I i drink.

242 S L O T H.

drink, or fleep * : the ttrength in its feet is fo great, that there
is no poffibility of freeing any thing from its claws, which it
happens to feize on. A dog was let Icofe at the above-mentioned
animal, when it was taken from the pole; after fome time the
Sloth layed hold of the dog with its feet, and held him four days,
till he perilhed with hunger f .

451. Two-toed. Taidigradus Ceilonicus fsemina. Seb, Tardigraclus pedibus antici'i didaftylis,
lilujW. tab.xxxvf. poilicis triaaftylis. Br'tjjon quad. zz.

Bradypus didaftylus. Br. manibus di- L'Unau. De Bu£on, xiii. 34. tab. i. Br,
dattylis cauda nulla. Lin. fyjl. 51. Muf,
Schreber, ii. 10. tab.lxv.

with a round head : fiiort projecting nofe : ears like the hu-
man, lying flat to the head : two long ftrong claws on the
fore feet, three on the hind : hair on the- body long and rough 5
on fome parts curled and woolly : in fome, of a pale red above,
cinereous below ; In others, of a yellowifli white below, cinereous
brown above. No tail. Length of that in the Britijh Mufcum
eleven inches : I believe a young one. ■
Pl-ice. Inhabits South America and the iile of Ceylon. The laft is flre-

nuoufly denied by M, de Buffon, who has fixed the refidence of this
genus to America only : but, befides the authority of Scba, vvho
exprefsly fays his fpecimen was brought from Ceylon, a gentleman,
long refident in India, and much ditlinguilhtd in the literary
world, has informed me he has feen this animal brought from the
Paliacat mountains that lie in fiyht of Mddrafs ; which fatisfics me
that it is common to both continents. Farther enquiry is defircd
into the identity of this fpccics.

* Airchr. t Jbi'f.

There

XCII

•-'//•

///.I/ //>/■/// . //fi/// ./. A.

4J--1-

SLOTH. 243

There is reafon to think that it is met with alfo in Gtihiea, or
at left fome fpecies of this genus; for Barbot and Bofman de-
fcribe an animal by the name of Potto, to which they give the at-
tributes of the former, and defcribe as being grey when young,
red, and covered with a fort of hair as thick fet as flocks of
wool. Both thefe writers were fenfible men, and, though not na-
turalifts, were too obfervant of the animals of Guinea to miftake
one whofe charadlers are fo ftrongly marked as thofe of the
Sloth *.

Bradypus urfiformis. NaturaliJIs Mi/ceUany.t3.h. ^2. ac', Ursiform.

Swith a long and ftrong nofe, truncated at the end: the fore-
• head rifes fuddenly above it: that and the nofe whitifh, and
almoft naked : eyes very fmall ; above is a black line : ears fliort,
and loft in the hair : the hair on the top of the head points for-
ward, that in the neck is parted in the middle; on head and neck,
back and fides, is extremely long, fliaggy and black; in moft parts Haik.
twelve inches long, and on the upper part of the body fliines in
the fun with a moft brilliant purple glols; on the breaft and
belly fliort; acrofs the firft is a line of white : the tail is only five
inches long, and is quite hid in the hair : the limbs are very ftrong
and bear-like : on each foot are five toes : on thofc of the fore feet
the claws are three inches long, pointing forward, and flightly in-
curvated ; pointing forward and admirably adapted for digging or
burrowing: the claws of the hind feet are very ftiort : the bottoms

• Bi/mau, 237. Barbot, 212.

I i 2 of

244

SLOTH.

of the feet are black and naked. This animal wants the indfores,

Teeth. or cutting teeth, above and below. In each jaw are two canine

teeth, remote from the grinders : the ruof of th? mouth is marked

with tranfverfe fulci : the tongue is fmooth, and not fo long as the

mouth.

Lips, The noflrils are tranfverfe, and appear like a narrow flit: the lips

are very loofe, and capable of being protruded to a great length,

and drawn in again ; they ferve the ufe of a hand, and by their

means it conveys apples or any fort of food, into its mouth : its

Food. principal food was vegetables, and alfo milk: it was very fond of

honeyj fugar, and other fweetsj but did not willingly eat any animal

food.

Manners. -l" ^^s manners it was gentle, and very good natured; it fufFered

me to put my hand far down its mouth to examine the infide, and

to tumble it up and down, to examine the different parts ; nor did

it ever offer to bite : it did no more than emit a fliort abrupt roar

when I had provoked it highly.

I clafs it, from the teeth, among the Bradypi, or Sloths, not fiom its
inadlivity, or any of its natural properties : it was neither flow nor
languid, but was moderately lively : it appeared to have a habit of
turning itfelf round and round, every now and then, as if for amufe-
ment, in the manner of a dog about to lie down ;o fleep: it is faid
to have a flrong propenfity to burrowing; and that it was iiift dug
out of its retreat by thofe who difcovered it.
Place. It inhabits Bengal, and lives in certain fand hills not remote from

Patna. It was about the fize of a black American bear, not half
grown. When I faw this animal in 1790 it was between four and
five years old, fo probably had attained its full growth.
I faw it in company with the ingenious Doftor Shazv, of the

Briiijh

SLOTH. 245

Britijfo Mtifetm. My figure is copied from his Nattiralijls Mifcel-
lany : but it was before engraved by Mr. Catton in his book of
Quadrupeds. Mr; Bewick has alfo given a very good figure of
it at p. 266 of his beautiful Hiftory of Quadrupeds with wooden
plates.

loyt

246 ARMADILLO,

XXXVlir. Without either cutting teeth or canine teeth.

ARMADILLO. Head, and upper part of the body, guarded b}' a cruftaceous

covering ; the middle with pliant bands, formed of various
fegments, reaching from the back to the edges of the belly.

4i;3. Three- Tatu apara. Marcgrave BraJtl.2il.Raii pedibus pentadaftylis. Z/a._^y?. 53.

BANDED. fyn. quad, z'j,^, Cataphraftus fcutis duobus cingulis tri •

Armadillo feu Tatu genus alterum. Chf. bus. Brijfon quad. 24.

Exot. log. Klein quad. 48. L'Apar, ou le 1 atou a trois bandes. De
Tatu feu Armadillo orieiitalis. 5^^. A/«/". Buffon, x. 206. Schreber,'Yi. 1%. tab.

i, tab. xxxviii.^. 2, 3. Ixxii. A. \y.\\\. jig. i. 2.

Dafypus tricinftus, D. cingulis tribus,

with fhort but broad rounded ears : the cruft on the head,
back, and rump, divided into elegant pentangular tuber-
culated fegments: three bands in the middle: five toes on each
foot : fhort tail.
Place and The whole genus inhabits South America: the manners of all

Manners. much the fame*, burrows under ground; the fmaller fpecies in

moift places, the larger in dry, and at a diflance from the fea:
keeps in its hole in the day, rambles out at night: when over-
taken, rolls itfelf into the form of a ball, which it does by
means of the pliant bands on its middle, and thus becomes in-
vulnerable : when furprized, runs to its hole, and thinks itfelf
fccure if it can hide its head and lome part of its body. The In-
dians take it by the tail, when the anmial fixes its claws in the
earth fo ftrongly that there is no moving it till the Indian tickles
5 it

ARMADILLO. 247

It with a flick: is hunted with little dogs, who give notice to
their mafter of its haunts by barking, who digs it out; to take
it out incautioufly is very dangerous, on account of the fnakes
that commonly lurk in the burrows. Feeds on potatoes, melons,
and roots, and does great damage to plantations : drinks much :
grows very fat, and is reckoned very delicious eating when young;
but when old, has a mufky difagreeable tafte : is very numerous ;
breeds every month, and brings four at a time : is very inofien-
iive*.

Tatou. Belon oh/. 111. Portraits, io6. Dafypus fex cinftus. D. cingulis fenis, 4C4.S1X-BANDED.
Tatu & Tatu paba Brafil : Armadillo pedibus pentadaftylis. Lin.fyjl. 54.

Hi/pant!, Lufitanis Encuberto. Marc- L'Encourbert, ou Le Tatoua fix bandes.

graije Brajil. 13 1. De Buffon, x, zog. ta6. xlii. Siipplem.

Cataphractus fcutis duobus, cingulis fex. iii. 28;. tab. Ivii. Schrgber, ii, 31. tab.

Brijfonquad. 2;. Ixi. B. Lev. Mus.

A with the cruft of the head, flioulders, and rump, formed of
^ ^* angular pieces : the bands on the back fix; between which,
alfo on the neck and belly, are a few fcattered hairs; tail not the
length of the body, very thick at the bafe, tapering to a point:
five toes on each foot.
Inhabits Brafil and Guiana.

Place.

* The authorities for the natural hiftory : Marcgrave, 231. Dampier, ii. 6r.
Gumilla Orenoque, iii. 223 to 226. Nktihoff, \g. Bancroft's Guiana, li^^, Rcchefort
Antilles, i. 286.

Ayotocluli ?

248

ARMADILLO.

455. Eight-
banded.

Ayotochtli ? Herr.anJez Mex, 3 1 4.
Tatuete Brajilte'jihus, Verdadeiro Lu/i-

tanis. Marcgra'ue Brafil. 231. Cliif.

exot. 3^0.
Cataphraftus fcutis duobus cingulis ofto.

Bri£on quad. 26.
Erinaceus loricaius cingulis feptenis pal-

mis tetradaftylis, plantis pentadac-

tylis. Amcsn, ^ica.'.. \. j6o.
Daiypus feptem cinftus. L'n. fyfl. 54.
Le Tatuete. ou Tatou a huit bandes. De

Buffon, X. 212. Schrihir, ii. 34. 36.

tab. Ixxii. \xx.\\.fg. 3, 4.

Place.

A with upright ears, two inches long: fmall black eyes : eight
'^*-* bands on the fides: four toes on the fore feet, five on the
hind: length, from nofe to tail, about ten inches; tail nine.

Inhabits Brafil. Reckoned more delicious eating than the
others.

456. NlNE-
SAMDED.

liv. 57. tab. vii.
Cataphradlus fcutis duobus, cingulis no-

vem. BriJ/bn quail. 2- .

Le Cachichame, ou Tatou a neuf bandes.

De Bvffon, X. zx^.tab. xxxviii. Sup-

plcm. iii. 287. ta}>. Iviii. Schreber, i.

37. tab. Ixxiv. lxxvi._yf|-. 7. 10.
American Armadillo, thil. Tranf. liv,

57. tab, vii. Lev. Mus.

Armadillo. Worm. Muf. ■1,1 <^.

Tatu porcinus, Schildverkel. Klein quad.

48-
Pig- headed Armadillo. Greiv'j rarities,

18. Raiijyn. quad. 233.
Tatu five Armadillo Americanus. Seb.

Muf. tab. xx\x.Jig. I.
Dafypus novem cinftus. D. cingulis no-

vem, palmis tetradaftylis, plantis pen-

tadaftylis. Lin. fyji. 54. Phil, tranf.

A with long ears: cruft on the flioulders and rump marked
• with hexangular figures; the emit on the head marked in
the fame manner : nine bands on the fides, diftinguiflied by tranf-
terfe cuneiform marks : breaft and belly covered with long hairs :
four toes on the fore feet, five on the hind : tail long and taper :
length of the whole animal three feet; the tail a little longer
than the body.

\cm .

^-//Z

eJ^/'^//v A/z/^ryy. //-///r/^////^^ , l.°/J/.

ARMADILLO. 249

In the Lever I AN Museum is a fpecimen of the fame form,
number of bands, and proportions, with this ; but the crufts on
the head, and other parts, are covered with large fcales not an-
gular. •

Inhabits South America. One was brought a few years ago to Place.
England, from the Mofqui to (hore, and lived here fome time: it
was fed with raw beef, and milk, but refufed our grains and
fruit *.

Tatu five Armadillo Africanus. Sei>. Cataphradus fcutisduobus, cingullsduo- 457. Twelve-

Mu/.'i. tah. XXX. fi'^. 3, 4. decim. BriJJhn quad. ij . Schreb£r,\\. BANDED.

Le Kabaflbu, ou Tatou a douzebandes, 40. tab. Ixxv. \xx\ufg. 11. 12.
De Buffon, X. 218. /d6. xl.

\ with broad upright ears : the cruft on the fhoulders marked
"*■ ^* with oblong pieces; that of the rump with hexangular:
twelve bands on the fides : five toes, with very large claws, on the
fore feet ; five lefTer on the hind : tail fhortcr than the body :
fome hairs fcattered over the body.

yi. de Buffon f mentions another of twelve bands, with a tail
covered with rhomboid figures, which he is doubtful whether to
refer to this fpecles. It is the largeft I ever heard of, being from
nofe to tail two feet ten inches long ; the tail about one foot
eight: by the figure (for I never faw the animal) it varies greatly
from the other.

* This corroborates what Marcgraue fays of one of thefc animals, Cumculos,
a've! tmrtuas aliaque de'vorant ; which is very extraordinary in quadrupeds which
want both cutting and canine teeth.

t P. 256. tab.xW.

Vol. II, K k Weefle-headcd

aro ARMADILLO.

4-8. EicHTEEK- Weefle-headcd Armadillo. Greiv'j rari- Cataphrsftus fcufo unico, cingulis c£lo-

^ 'bajided. //«, 19. dec'im. BnJ/in^uaJ. 27,.

* Tatu Mullelinus. Rati l)n. qund. 235. Le Ciiqa n^on, ou Tatou a dixhuit bar-

Dafypus unicinflus. D. tegmine tripar- des. De Bitffbn, x. 7.20. tab. xlii. Schrc-

tiio,pedibuspentadaftylis. Lin.fyjl.y.,. Lir, ii. 42.

with a very {lender head: fmall erect ears : the cruft on the
•• flioulders and rump confiding of fquare pieces: eighteen
bands on the fides: five toes on each foot: length, from nofe to
tail, about fifteen inches; tail five and a half.
Place. Inhabits South America.

DIV.

DIV. II. Sect. V.

DIGITATED QJJ A D R U P E D S :

Without Teeth.

K k 2

2£2 M A N I S.

DIV. II. Sect. V. Digitated Quadrupeds.

XXXIX. MANIS. Back, fides, and upper part cf the tail, covered with large

ftrong fcales.
Small mouth: long tongue: no teeth.

459. Long-tail- Lacertus peregrinus fquamofas. Chf. Pholidotus pedibus anticis et pofticis te-

ED. «.v5/. 374. Ra!! Jjn. quad, 2j^. tradaiSylis, fquamis mucronatis, Cauda

Scaly Lizard. Gri-u.'s rarities. ^6. longiiTima. Brijfon quad. i^.

Manis tetradaftyla. M. pedibus tetra- Le Phatagin. De Buffon. x. 180. fa5.

daflylis, Lin.fyji. 53. Schrekr, ii. 23. xxxiv. J^Jh. Muf. Lev.Mus. Br.Mus.

tab. Ixx.

"IV/r with a flender nofe; that and the head fmooth: body, legs,
• and tail, guarded by large fliarp-pointed ftriated fcales :
the throat and belly covered with hair: fliort legs: four claws
on each foot, one of which is very fmall : tail a little taper, but
ends blunt. The color of the whole animal, chocolate.
Plach. Inhabits the iflands ai Imlia. Thefe animals approach fo nearly

the genus of Lizards, as to be the links in the chain of beings which
conneft the proper quadrupeds with the reptile clals.

They grow to a great length: that which was preferved in the
Hhifeum of the Royal Society, was a yard and a half long * : from
the tip of the nofe to the tail, was only fourteen inches ; the tail
itfclf a yard and half a quarter.

• Grtiv,

Lacertus

X( in:

~^'r//f/ //^f/O''/ . //'■///^.i • i-jS^/.

M A N I S.

^53

Lacertus fqaamofus. Bo-itius Jirui, ba> Pholidotus pedibas anticis et pofiicis 46-^, Short-

Pet. Gaz. tab. x\. fg. li. pentadac^ylis, fquamis fubrocundii. tailed.

Arniadilias fquamatus major. Ceilnmcus, Br'ffan quad. iS.

feu Diabolui "T'l^-'o-y-n.'Vai diftus. Seb. Manis pentadjcV.'la. Lin. fy!}. cz.

Mil/. \. hib.VmAw. Klein quad. 47. Le Pangolin, be B-iffcn, x. iSo. tab.

Schr:bir, ii. 22. tab. Ixi.x. .xxxiv. Jjh. JVfa/CLKv.Mus, Br.Mus,

with b.ick, fides, and legs, covered with blunt fcales, with
• brilHcs between each: five toes on each foot: tail noi
longer than the body: ears not unlilie the human: chin, belly,
and infide of->the legs, hairy: tail broad; much Ihorter in propor-
tion to the body than that of the preceding, and obtufe at the end:
the color of the whole animal a pale yellow.

Inhabits the iflands of India, anc^ that of Formofa. The Placs.
Indians call ic Pano-oelli/tg; and the Ck'nu-fe, Chin Chion Se'uk*.
Feeds on lizards and infc^fts : turns up the ground with its
nofe : walks with its claws bent undtr its feet : grows very
fat: is efteemed very delicate eating: makes no noife, only a
fnorting.

It is alfo found in Bengal, where it is called in the Sanjhit
language, Fajracite, or the 'Thimdeyboit reptile, from the exccOivc
liardncfs of its fcales: in its ftomach is found a number of fmall
ftones, probably taken in to help the digeftion. In the fccond
volume of the Jjtatic Rejeauhes,p. 3'6, publillied under the dir^c-
tion of the able and learned Sir Wjlli.im Jomes, is a very good
account of this animal', under the direftion of that gentleman, a

* DalhmanmAa.Stjck':. 1749, 255.

4 fecond

254 M A N I S.

fecoTid liiundation of knowledge is poviring upon the weftern world
from its primeval feat, the Eiijl,

Perhaps is a native of Guinea : the ^wgelo of the Negroes ;
which Des Mjrchais* fays grows to the length of eight feet,
of which the tail is four : lives in woods and marfhy places :
feeds on ants, which it takes by laying its long tongue crofs
their paths, that member being covered with a fticky faliva,
fo the infedls that attempt to pafs over it cannot extricate
themfelves : walks very llowly: would be the prey of every
ravenous beaft, had it not the power of rolling iifelf up, and
oppoling to its adverfary a formidable row of ere6led fcales.
In vain does the leopard attack It with its vail claws, for at laft
it is obliged to leave it in fafetyf. The Negroes kill thefe ani-
mals for the fake of the flefli, which they reckon excellent.

4.61. Broad Anew Manis, Phil. Tranf. vol. Ix. p. 36. tab. 11.

TAILED.

T\ /r with five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind : fcales
"'^ of the fhape of a mufclc: belly quite fmooth: the exterior

fcales end in a fharp point foinewhat incurvated : tail very broad,
decreafing to a point: whole length of the zmmzX a. German ell
and five eighths: the tail half an ell and a fpan broad in the
broadeft part.

* Voyage da des Marchaii,\. 200. Barbot, 114.

t Is faid to deftroy the Elephant, by twilling itfelf round the trunk, and com-
preffing that tender organ with its hard fcales.

This

M A N I S. 2-

This fpeclcs was found in the wall of a merchsnt's houfeat 'Tran- Place.
quebar: when purfued it would roll itlelf up fo that iioThino; but the
back and tail could be feen: ic was with great difficulty killed, al-
though it was often ftruck with rice-ftampers, or poles arm?d with
iron : a blow on the belly deprived it of life. The I'cales of this
genus are fo hard as to ftrike fire.

Body

25*5

ANT-EATER.

XL.

ANT-EATER.

Body covered with hair.

Small niouih: long cylindiic tongue.

No teeth.

462, Great.

TamanJua-guacu. Marcgra'ut Biiijil.

325.
Tamandua-giiacu five major. PiJ'o Brajil.

320.
Pifmire-eater, 'Nieuhoff, ig.
Tamaiidua mnjor cauda panniculata.

Bun ere Frai a ^Hquiii. 162.
Mange-fourmis. Dis Marchaii, iii. 307.
Great Ant- tear. Rait fyi. quad. Zi^l.
JMyrmecophaga rolho longiiTimo, pe-

dibus anticistctradaflylis, pofticispen-

tadaftylis, cauda longiffimis pllis vefti-

ta. Brijpin quad, ! 5.
Myrmecophaga jubata. M. palmis tetra-

daflylis, plaiitis pentadad) lis. Lin.

fyft. 52. Klin quad. 45. tal:. V.
Le Tamanoir. De Bu£oii, x. 141. tab.

xxix. Sui>pl. iii. 278. tah. Iv. Scbreber,

ii. 14. tab. Ixvii. £r. Muf.

Place and

Manners.

A E. with a long flender nofe: fmall black eyes: fliort round
■^ ^* ears : flender tongue, two feet and a half long, which lies
double in the mouth : legs flender : four toes on the fore feet,
five on the hind : the two middle claws on the fore feet very
large, ftrong, and hooked : the hair on the upper part of the
body is half a foot long, black mixed with grey : from the neck,
crofs the flioulders, to the fides, is a black line bounded above
with white : the fore legs are whitifli, marked above the feet
with a black fpot : the tail is cloathcd with very coarfe black
hairs a foot long : length, from nofe to tail, about three ktt. ten
inches ; the tail two and a half: weight about a hundred pounds.

\nhzh\is Brafil ^.nd Guiana : runsflowly: fwims over the great
rivers ; at which time it flings its tail over its back : lives on
ants; as ibon as it difcovers their nefls, overturns them, or digs

them

ANT-EATER. 257

them up with its feet-, then thrufts its long tongue into their re-
treats, and penetrating all the paiFages of the neft, withdraws it
into its mouth loaded with pre)-: is tearful of rain, and proiefts
itfelf againft wet by covering its body with i's long tail. This
(as well as every fpecies of this genus) brings but one young at
a time, at which feafon it is dangerous to approach the place :
it does not arrive at its full growth under four years. The flcfh
has a ftrong difagreeable tafte, but is eaten by the Inaiuns. Not-
withftanding this animal wants teeth, it is fierce and dangerous;
nothing that gets within its fore feet can difengage itfelf. The
very Panthers of y^^m/Va * are often unequal in the combat; for
if the Ant-eater once has opportunity of embracing them, it fixes
its talons in their fides, and both fall together, and both perifli ;
for fuch is the obftinacy and ftupidity of this animal, that it will
not extricate itfelf even from a dead adverfary f: ^eeps in the
day ; preys by night.

The following hiftory of this animal is given In Dillon's Travels
through Spain, p. 76, in his account of the Royal Cabinet of
Natural Hiftory at Madrid. " The Great Ant-bear from Buenos
Ayres, the Myrmecophaga Jubata of Linnaus, called by the Spaniards
Ofa Palmera, was alive at Madrid in 1776, and is now fluffed and
preferved in this cabinet. The people who brought it from Buenos
Ayres fay, it differs from what they call the Ant-eater, which only
feeds on emmets, and other infefls; whereas this would eat flefh,
when cut in fmall pieces, to the amount of four or five pounds.
From the fnout to the extremity of the tail, this animal is two
yards in length, and his height is about two feet: the head very

• Cumilk Orttioqut, iii. 232. t P'/" ^^ajil. i^o.

Vol. II. L 1 mnovf;

25S

ANT-EATER.

narrow ; the nofe long and {lender. The tongue is Co fingular,
that it looks more like a worm, and extends above fixteen inches,
His body is covered with long hair, of a dark brown, with white
ftripcs on the flioulders; and when he lleeps, he covers his body
with his tail."

The fpecimen of the Great Ant-cater in the Leverian Ah-
feum, is fuperior in fize to any we have before heard of.

Feet. Inches.

Its whole length is — ■ —

Tail _ _ _

From tip of the nofe to the ears — —

Length of the hairs of the mane — —

of the tail — — —

Height to the top of the fhoulders — —

— 7

— 2

— I

— I
2

Both of the above are extremely rare, and in an uncommon
fine ftate of prefervation.

6, r

A^'i

Tamandua-i. Marcgrave BraftL 225.

Raii/jti. quad. 7^2.
Tamandua minor. Pifo Brafil. 320. Bar-

rcre France jT^quin. 162.
Tamandua-guacu. Nieuhoff, iq.
Myrmecophaga roilro longiffimo, pedi-

bus anticis tetradaftylis, pofticis pen-

tadaflylis, cauda feie nuda. Brijpm

quad. i5.
Myrmecophaga tetradaftyla. Lin. Jjjl.

52. Zoofh. Grono'v. No. 2.
Le I'amandua. De Buffon, x. 144. Schre-

her, ii. ifi. tab. Ixviii.

A E. with a long {lender- nofe, bending a little down: fmall
•* ^* black mouth and eyes : fmall upright ears : bottoms of the
fore feet round j four claws on each, like thofe of the former;

five

ANT-EATER. 25^

five on the hind feet: hair fliining and hard, of a pale yellow
color: along the middle of the back, and on the hind legs,
duflcy: each fide of the neck is a black line, that crolies the fhoul-
ders and meets at the lower end of the back : the tail is covered
with longer hair than the back, is taper, and b.ild at the end:
length, trom nofe to tail, one foot feven inches-, the tad ten
inches.

Inhabits the fame country with the laft : its manners much the Placb.
fame: when it drinks, part fpurts out of the noftrils : climbs
trees, and lays hold of the branches with its tail.

Le Taraandua. De Bitjoii, Supplem. iii. 281. tab. Ivi. 464. Striped.

A E. with a taper nofe, the upper mandible extending very
■^ ^* far beyond the lower: eyes exceedingly fmall: ears round
and Qiort ; tail covered equally with long hairs : five toes on the
fore feet.

Body and tail tawny; the firft marked downwards with broad
ftripes of black; the laft annulated : legs and nofe ftriped in the
fame manner : belly of a dirty white.

Length from nofe to tail thirteen inches French ; of the tail
feven and a half.

M. de BuffciH fpeaks of one, which he fuppofes to be the fame
with this; but the difference in fize and colors forbid us to fub-
fcribe to his opinion. The account was tranfmitted to him by
M. de la Borde, phyfician at Cayenne. The hair, fays he, is whitifh,
and about two inches long : it has very (Irong talons ; eats only

L 1 2 in

26o

ANT-EATER.

Place.

in the day-time; keeps in the great woods: the flcfli is good;
it is much more rare than the gi-eat Ant-eater^

Weighs lixty pounds.

Both thefe inhabit Guiana,

463. Lest.

Place.

T?.mandua minor fiavefcens ; Ouatlri-
ouaou. Barrsre France Squirt. 1 63.

Tamandua five Coati Americana alba.
Seb. MiiJ. i. tab. xxxvii

Myrmecophaga roltrobrevi, pedibus an-

Myrmecophaga didafiyla. M. palmij
didaflylis, plantis tetradaiflylis, cauda
vil'ofa Lin. fyji. 5 1 . Zoo^h. Grontv.
Kt. I.

Little Ant-eater. Ei/iv. 2Z0.

tic's didadylis, poflicis tetradaclylis. LeFourmillier. Ds Bi'ffon, x. 144 talt.
BriJJin quad. 17. xxx. Sckreber, ii. 17. tab. Ixvi.

A E. with a conic nofe, bending a little down : ears fmall,
^ and hid in the fur: two hooked claws on the fore feet, the

exterior much the largeft; four on the hind feet: head, body,
limbs, and upper part and fides of the tail, covered with long fofc
filky hair, or rather wool, of a yellowifh brown color: from nofe
to tail feven inches and a half; tail eight and a half, the lad four
inches of which, on the under fide, naked : the tail is thick at
the bafe, and tapers to a point.

Inhabits Guiana: climbs trees, in queft of a fpccies of ants
which build their nefts among the branches: has the fame pre-
henfile power with its tail as the former.

There is a fourth fpecies found at the Cape of Good Hope, and
in Ceylon; but being delcribed from a mere foetus*, we fliall
avoid giving a tranfcrlpt of Dr. Pallas's account of it, but wait
for further information. We fliall only fay, that it has four toes

• Pa/las M'/cel. Zcel. 64.

.\(.'\-.

uOf.

Ja>/ J/f>/^-f^/rr ^i°4.fy.

ANT-EATER. 261

on the fore feet, and pendulous ears, which diftinguiflies it from
other kinds. Knlben * defcribes their manners particularly, and
fays they have long heads and tongues, and are toothlefs ; and
that they fo;netimes weigh jocib. f: that if rhey faften their
claws in the ground, the ftrongeft man cannot pull them away :
that they thruft out their clammy tongue into the ants neft, and
draw it into their mouth covered with infects. That the African
fpecies agrees with the Jmeriran in every external particular, is
confirmed; but that the laft is furnifhed with grinding teeth,
like the Armadillo, in the lower end of the jaws, is a difcovery
proved from the remarks of Doclor Camper, a celebrated zoolo-
gift in Holland. Mr. Stracha'i, in liis account of Cylon %, gives the
fame account of the manners of what the natives call the Talgoi,
or Ant Bear. It is not therefore to be doubted, but that thefe
animals are common to the old and new continents.

Fourmlllier d'Afrique. /Ulaman-i Suffl.Y.z^.Xab. xl. <l66. Cape.

A E. with a long nofc, truncated at the end like that of a Descrip.
"* ^ • hog; and the noftrils relembling thofe of that animal:
ears fix inches long, thjn as parchment, and covered with very
fine hairs: tongue very long and (lender: the hairs on the
head and up: er part cf the body aiid tail very (hort, and fo clofely
adhering to the Aim as if they were glu^d to it, their color a

• Hijl. Cape, 118; where they are called Ea> th Ho^s.

t As quoced by Dr. Pi.l'a^ ; i iuppole from the Dutch edition.

J Phu.TrarJ.uhiJg.\. 180.

dirty

262 A N T - E A T E R.

dirty grey-, thofe on tlie (ides and belly lonj?; and of a rcddlQi
hue; thofe on the legs {fill longer, black and firaight : the lail
tliick near the bafe, and tapering to a point : on the fore feet
are four toes; on the hind five; all armed with ftrong claws:
thofe behind equal even the length of the toes : all are blunted
at the end and calculated for burrowing.
Size. The length is three feet five to the origin of the tail, the tail

one foot nine.

This fpecies inhabits the neighborhood of the Cd/)e of Good Hope.
Manners. It lives vmder ground; feeds on ants like the other fpecies ;

but when it has found an ants nefl. it looks carefully around to
fee whether it can feed in fafety, then puts out its long tongue
to catch its prey. Is an objed of chace among the Hottentots, and
is reckoned good food.

467. AcuLEATED. Porcupine Ant-eater. Naturalijl's Mi/ceUany,fi. 109.

E. Length about a'foot : coated on the upper parts with fpines
■* refemhling thofeof a porcupine, being white tipped with black ;
the two colors feparated by a ring of tawny or dull orange : fpines
on the back and fides fomewhat recumbent, over the tail perpendi-.
cularly eredl : fnout long, naked, black and tubular, opening very
Imall : tongue lumbriciform; forehead, cheeks, and whole under
parts of the body, coated with dark brown fliff hairs ; legs very
ihort, toes fhort, broad rounded : claws on the fore- feet, five very
ftrong, fomewhat obttife; on the hind-feet four, of which the two
iirft are much longer, and fliarper than the others : thumb unarmed :
Flacej tail very Ihort. Inhabits iNVw South Wales: preys on ants, and is

found

%6u.

/r///if///a . rf//-ff//^^A

■ 46'7.

ANT-EATER. " 16^

found about ant-hills. A moft extraordinary quadruped, connecl-
ing in fome meafure the two very diftant genera of Porcupine,
and Ant-Eater. This fingular animal is more fully defcribed by
Dr. Shau;\n the Naturalift's Mifcellany, and from the figure in that
work the reprefentation here given is faithfully copied. Dr. Shazv
js of opinion that the genera of Manis, and Myrmecophaga, ought
to be either united, or elfe that this animal fhould form a diftinift
genus.

DIV.

D I V. in.

PINNATED QUADRUPEDS:

Having fin-like feet : fore legs buried deep in the fkin : hind
legs pointing quite backwards.

■>'^iUo. .L/_, f.v

-z/"

Vol. II.

M m

DI V.

2^6 WALRUS.

DIV. III. Pinnated Quadrupeds.

XLI. WALRUS. With two great tufks in the upper jaw, pointing downwards.

Four giinders on both fides, above and below.
No cutting teeth.
Five palmated toes on each foot.

468. Arctic. Rofmarus. G e/ner Pi/c. zii. KUin quad. Odobenus. La Vache marine. Brijfon

92. quad. 30.

Walrus, Mors, Rofmarus. Worm. Muf. Trichecus Rofmarus. T. dentibus lania-

<• 289. Raiijyn. quad. igi. riis fuperioribus exfertis. Lin. Jyfi,

Sea horfe, or Morfe. M'lrfei's Spi/xierg, ^q.

107,182. Egede Greenland, %2. Le Morfe. De Bufon, ■xui.'!,:,^. tah.Xw,

Sea-cow. CrantK GreoiL i. 125. Schre- Br, Muf. A jh. Muf. Lev. Mus.
her, ii. 88.

\KT "^'^^ ^ round head : fmall mouth : very thick lips, covered
above and below with pellucid bridles as thick as a ftravv:
fmall fiery eyes : two fmall orifices inftead of ears : fhort neck :
body thick in the middle, tapering towards the tail : ikin thick,
wrinkled, with Qiort brownifh hairs thinly difperfed : legsfhort;
five toes on each, all conneifled by webs, and fmall nails on each :
the hind feet very broad : each leg loofely articulated -, the hind
legs generally extended on a line with the body : tail very Ihort :
penis long.
Sjke. Length, from nofe to tail, fometimes eighteen feet, and ten or

twelve

\r\-||.

■iOO.

(' '//W/rlhy/z-f,.! . /.'1/Ai'

WALRUS. 267

twelve round in the thickefl: part : the teeth have been fome-
times found of the weight * of 20 lb. each.

Inhabit the coafl o^ Spitzhergen, Nova Zembla, Hiidfoii's Bay, and Place.
the Gulph of St. Laurence, and the Icy Sea, as far as Cape Tfchuktf-
chi, and the iflands off it; but does not extend fouthward as far as
the mouth of the Anadyr, nor are any feen in the iflands between
Kamtfchatka and America. Are gregarious: in-fome places appear
in herds of hundreds: are fhy animals, and avoid places which
are much haunted by mankind -j- : are very fierce -, if wounded in
the water, they attempt to fink the boat, either by rifing under it,
or by ftriking their great teeth into the fides; roar very loud, and Mankers.
will follow the boat till it gets out of fight. Numbers of them
are often feen fleeping on an ifland of ice ; if awakened, fling them-
felves with great impetuofity into the fea ; at which time it is
dangerous to approach the ice, leaf! they fhould tumble into the
boat and overfet it : do not go upon the land till the coaft is
clear of ice. At particular times, they land in amazing numbers :
the moment the firfl; gets on fhore, fo as to lie dry, it will not
ftir till another comes and forces it forward by beating it with its
great teeth-, this is ferved in the fame manner by the next, and
fo in fucceflTion till the whole is landed, continuing tumbling
over one another, and forceing the foremoft, for the fake of quiet,
to remove further up.

* Teeth of this fize are only found on the coaft of the Icy Sea, where the animals
are feldom molelled, and have time to attain their full growth, Hiji. Kamtfchatka,
120.

f In 1608, the crew of an Englijh vefTel killed on Cherry Ifle above 900 WaWufis
in feven hours time ; for they lay in heaps, like hogs huddled one upon another.
Martin's Spitzberg. 181, 182.

M m 2 The

a68 WALRUS.

Chace. The method of killing them on the Magdalene ifles, in the

gulph of St. laurence, as I am informed, is thus: — The hunters
watch their landing, and as foon as they find a fufficient number
for what they call a cut, go on fhore, each armed with a fpear
fliarp on one fide like a knife, with which they cut their throats :
great care muft be taken not to ftand in t le way of thofe which
attempt to get again to fea, which they do with great agility by
tumbling headlong; for they would crufh any body to death by
their vaft weight. They are killed for the fake of their oil, one
Walrus producing about half a tun. The knowledge of this chace
is of great antiquity ; Ociher, the 'Norwegian, about the year 890,
made a report of it to King y^//>f^/, having, as he fays, made the
voyage beyond Norzvay, for the more commoditie of fijlnng of
horfe-whales, zvhlch have in their teeth hones of great price and
(xcel'.encie, whereof he brought fame at his returne unto the King *.
In faifc, it was in the northern world, in eaily times, the fubfti-
tute to ivory, being very white and very hard. Their ikins,
OSlher fays, were good to cut into cables. I do not know whe-
ther we make any ufe of the fkin ; but M. de Bufon fays, he
has feen braces for coaches made of it, which were both ftrong
and elaftic.

They bring one, or at moft two, young -f at a time: feed on
fea herbs and fifh; alio on ihclis, which they dig out of the fand
with their teeth : are laid alfo to make ufe of their teeth to afcend
rocks or pieces of ice, faftening them to the cracks, and drawing
their bodies up by that means. Befides mankind, they feem to-
have no other enemy than the white Bear, with whom they have

* Hakluyi's coll, F>j. i. 5. f Earenlz I'ty, 4.

terrible

W .'^^ L R U S.

terrible combats; but generally come off viiflorioiis, by means
of their great teeth.

269

Le Dugon. Dt Buffhn, xiii. 374. tab. Ivi. Schreher, ii. 93, .g__ Indian

\T r with two fliort canine teeth, or tufks, placed in the upper
• jaw pretty clofe to each other : in the upper jaw four
grinders on each fide, placed at a diftance from the tufksj in
the lower, three on each fide.

Inhabits the Cape of Good Hope and the Fkilipphic illes. The Pla-ce,
head defcribed above being fuppofed to belong to an animal rc-
fembling a IValrus, found in the Teas of Africa and India, as ap-
pears from fonie citations from travellers, too unfatisfaftory to
merit repetition. It is faid by one, that it goes upon land to
feed on the green mofsj and that it is called in the Philippines^
the Dugung *.

* De Bufoti, xiii. 377. the wte^

Cutting

270

S E A -•

XLII. SEAL. Cutting teeth, and two canine teeth in each jaw.

Five palmated toes on each foot.
Body thick at the Ihoulders, tapering towards the talL

470. Common. *axv>. Arifi. hifl. An.lih.\\. t. \z. Op- vl.fg.l.

plan Halieut. v. 376. KafTigiak. Cran/z hiji. Greenl.'i. 123,

Vitulus Oceani. ^o«a't7« /■;'/, 453. 458. Phoca vitulina. Ph. capite la;vi inauri-

Le Veau Marin, ou Loup de Mer. BeUa culato. Lin. f\ft. i;6.

PoiJJoiis, 25. Sial. Faun. /uec.'H° 4.

Phoca. Gf/HfrP//f. 830. ^/^orOT. M«/; 289. Le Phoque. De Buffon, xiii. 333. tab.

KUii quad. 93. BriJJon quad. 162. xlv. Schreber, cxxxiv.

Seal, Seoile, or Sea Calf; Phoca five SeaL Br.Zool. i. 71, Br. Zool. illujlr.

Vitulus Marinus. Raiifyn. quad. i8g. xlviii. Lev. Mus.

Phil, tranf. abriJg. 'vol. x\v'i\, I20. tab.

with large black eyes : large whifkers : oblong noftrils : flat
*• head and nofe : tongue forked at the end : two canine teeth
in each jaw : fix cutting teeth in the upper jaw ; four in the
lower: no external ears: body covered with thick fliort hair:
Ihort tail : toes furniflied with ftrong fharp claws : ufual length
from five to fix feet : color very various, dulky, brinded, or fpot-
ted with white or yellow.
Placi. Inhabit inoft quarters of the globe, but in greateft multitudes

towards tlie North and the South ; fwarm near the Arctic circle,
and the lower parts of South America*, in both oceans; near the

* Dampier {;iys, that they are feen by thoufands on the ifle of Juan Feniandex ;
that the young bleat like lambs ; that none are found in the South Sea, no<-th of
the equator, till lat. 2 1 j that he never faw any in the //'^ ladies, except in the Bay
ofCampeachj ; nor yet in the Eajl Indies, i. 88, 8g.

fouthern

SEAL. 271

fouthern end of Terra del Fiiego; and even among the floating ice
as low as fouth lat. 60. 21 *. Found in the Cafpian-\- Sea, in the
lake yfr,?/, and lakes J Baikal and Oro;/, which are frefii waters.
They are lefTer than thofe which frequent fait waters; but fo fat
that they feem almolT: Ihapelefs. In lake Baikal fome are covered
with filvery hairs; others are yellowifh, and have a large dark-
colored mark on the hind part of the back, covering almoft a
third of the body.

They are found in the Cafpian fea, in moft amazing multitudes :
they vary infinitely in their colors : fome are wholly white ; others
wholly black ; others of a yellowiflii white ; others moufe colored ;
and others again fpotted like a leopard : they creep out of
the fea on the ihores, and are killed as faft as they come ; and
are followed by a vafl: fucceffion of others, who undergo the
fame fate. It is Angular that the feals of the Cafpian are very tena-
cious of life; it is well known that the fmalleft blow on the nofe
kills thofe of Europe. At approach of winter they go up the Jaik,
and are killed in great numbers on the ice: they are fought for
the fkins and the oil: numbers are deftroyed by the wolves and
jackals ; for which reafon the feal-hunters watch moft carefully the
haunts of the feals in order to drive away their enemies. The feafons
for hunting the feals are fpring and autumn ||.

Seals bring two young at a time, which for fome fliort fpace
are white and woolly ; bring forth in autumn, and fuckle their
young in caverns, or in rocks, till they are fix or feven weeks old,

* Cook's voy, i. 34.

■\ Bell's trai'els, i. 49.

X The fame, 280.

II Decouvertes, &c.faites paries RuJfes.W. 36. 410. ed.

/hen

272

SEAL.

\vhcn they take to Tea: cannot continue long under water; are
therefore very frequently obliged to rife to take breath, and often
float on the waves. In fummer, lleep on rocks, or on fand-
banks: if furprized, precipitate into the fea; or if at any dif-
tance, fcramble along, and fling up the fand and gravel with great
force with their hind feet, making a piteous moaning : if over-
taken, will make a vigorous defence with their feet and teeth : a
flight blow on the nofe kills them, otherwife they will bear numbers
of wounds. I imagine that the Cafpian feal-hunters are not ac-
quainted with the method.

Swim with vaft ftrength and fwiftnefs; frolic greatly in their
element, and will fport without fear about Ihips and boats;
which may have given rife to the fable o{ Sea- nymphs and Sirens.
Their docility is very great, and their nature gentle : there is an
inftance of one which was fo far tamed as to anfwer to the call
of its keeper, crawl out of its tub at command, ftretch at full
length, and return into the water when direded ; and extend its
neck to kifs its mafter as often and as long as required *.

They never go any great diftance from land : feed on all forts
of fifli : are themfelves good food, and often eaten by voyagers :
killed for the fake of the oil made from their fat ; a young feal
will yield eight gallons: their fliins very ufeful in making waift-
coats, covers for trunks, and other conveniences: thofe of the
lake Baikal are fold to the Chinefe, who dye, and fell them to the
Mongalsf to face their fur-coats : are the wealth of the Greenlanders,
fupplying them with every necefl"ary of life.

• Dr.Par/hns in Ph. tranf. xlvii. 113,
f Mu//er'i KuJf.Samlung.ui. ^^g.

Br.

S E A l^

275

Br. Zool. i. p. 122. .-,_ p,j

Le Phoque a ventre blanc. De BuJJ'an, Supplem. vj, 310. tab. xliv. '

Q with the nofe taper and elongated: fore feet furniflied with five
^* toes, inclofed in a membrane, but very diftind; the claws
long and ftrait : the hind feet very broad; five diftinct toes, with
the claws juft extending to the margin of the membrane, which
expands into the form of a crefcent.

This I faw at C/vy?tT; it was taken near that city in A^t)' 1766. Placs.
On the firft capture its fkin was naked, like that of a porpoife ; and
only the head, and afmall fpot beneath each leg, was hairy. Before
it died the hair began to grow on other parts : the fore part of the
head was black, hind part of the head and the throat white;
beneath each fore leg a fpot of the fame color; hind feet of a
dirty white ; the reft of the animal of an intenfe black. I believe
they vary in the difpofition of the colors : that given by M. de
Buffon had only the belly white. Thefe fpecies, according to that
great writer, frequent the coaft of the Adriatic : the length of that
defcribed by M. de Bi'ffon was feven feet and a half; that which I
faw was very much lefs, and probably a young one.

RAK EAN.

Vitulus Maris Mediterranei. Rendel. tuor, palmis indivifis plantisexungui- 4.-2. Mediter-

Phoca Monachus, capite inauriculato, culatis. Herman.
dentibus incis : utriufque maxillae qua-

Q with a fmall head : neck longer than that of the common

*^* feal : orifices of the ears not larger than a pea : hair fliort

Vol. II. N n and

*74 SEA L.

and rude: color dufky, fpotted with afh-color: above the navef,.
of the fpecimen defcribed by Mr. Herman, was a tawny fpot : the
toes on the fore feet furniflied with nails : the hind feet pinniform,
and without nails.

When the animal is placed on its back, the fkin of the ncctc
folds like a monk's hood.

Size. Length of the fpecimen defcribed by Mr. Herman was eight

feet feven inches: the greatefi. circumference above five feet.

Placf. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea, and as yet not difcovered in

the ocean. The common, or oceanic fpecies, is probably an in-
liabitant of the fame fea, for the fpecies defcribed by AriJIotk*^
is of that kind ; he minutely defcribes the feet, and attributes to
the hind, as well as the fore feet, five toes, every one furnifhed
with nails: that fpecies therefore is the Phoca of the antients^
not the kind jufl under conlideration.

473. Long- Long necked Seal. Grevj't Mufcum, 1^^^

NECKED.

C w'ith a flender body : length from the nofe to the fore legs=
• as great as from the fore legs to the tail : no claws on the

fore feet, which refemble fins.

This was preferved in the Mufeiim of the Royal Society.

Doifior Parfons has givew a figure of it in the xlviiih vol. of

Fh. Tr. tab. vi. but we are left uninformed of its place.

* Hijl. an. lil.u. c. I.

ALLIED

SEAL.

2 7i

A LLIED to this is another Seal in the fame Mufeum, fenc of ^74. Falklanb
^ -^ late years from the Falkland ijles: its length is four feet: nhs.

hair Ihort, cinereous tipped with dirty white.

Nofe (bort, befet with ftrong black, bridles : fliort, narrow,
pointed auricles.

Upper cutting teeth fulcated tranfverfely ; the lower in an
oppofite diredion : on each fide of the canine teeth, a lefler, or
fecondary one : grinders conoid, with a fmall procefs on one fide
near the bafe.

No claws on the fore feet-, but beneath the fkin evident marks
of the bones of five toes : the fkin extends far beyond their ends.
On the toes of the hind legs are four long and ftrait claws j but
the Ikin ftretches far beyond, which gives them a very pinniform
look.

This fpecies probably inhabits alfo the feas about Juan Fer- Place,
mndez; for Don Ulloa* informs us of one kind, which is not
above a yard long. The fmall Seals inhabit from the Falkland
Iflands, round Cape Horn, even as far as N(rw Zealand; and are
feen further from fhore than any other kind. They are very
fportive, dipping up and down like porpoifes, and go on in a pro-
greffive courfe like thofe fifh. When they fleep, one fin general-
ly appears above the water. They perhaps extend as far as the
Society Iflands, at left the natives have a name for the Seal,
which they call Hami,

• Ulloa fays, the firll fpscies of Seal found near that ifle, is not above a yard
long. ii. 226.

^f n 2 Tortoife-headed

2^6 SEA £j»

475. ToRTOiSBv Tortoife -headed Seal. Fh.Tranf. xlvii. 120. tap. \\.

with a head like that of a tortoife ; neck flenderer than head
' or body : feet like thofe of ilie common Seal.
We are indebted to Doclor Parfons for the account of this
fpecies, who fays it is found on the fliores of many parts of

Europe,

476. Rub BON. Q with very fliort fine glolTy briftly hair, of an uniform color,
^* almoft black; marked along the fides, and towards the
head and tail, with a ftripe of a pale yellow color, exadly re-
fembling a rubbon laid on it by art ; words cannot fufficiently
convey the idea, the form is therefore engraven on the title of
Divifion 111. Pinnated ^ladrupeds, from a drawing communicated
to me by Dodor Pallas, who received it from one of the remotell
Kuril iflands.

Its fize is unknown, for Dodor Pallas receiveti only the middle
part, v;hich had been cut out of a very large fl^in, fo that no
defcription can be given of head, (ect or tail : a. fliews the part
fuppofed to be next to the head ; b. that to the tail.

Obscure Spe-
cies. Other obfcure fpecies in thofe feas, which are mentioned in

Steller's MSS. are, I. A middle-fized Seal, elegantly fpeckied in

all parts: II. One with brown fpots, fcarcer than the reft: III. A

black fpecies with a peculiar confornution ol the hind legs.

Phoca

SEA L»

277

Phoca Leporina. Leptchin. aB. acad. Pitrop. fan \. 264, tab. viil, jx. ^ij. Le poa r .ve.

Q with fur, fofr as that of a hare, upright and interwoven j of
*^* a dirty white color: whifkers long and thick, fo that the
animal appears bearded: head long: upper lip thick: four cut-
ting teeth above; the fame below: nails on fore and hind feet.

Ufual length fix feet and a half; greatefl circumference five ^""^'
feet two.

Inhabits the White fea during fummer; afcends and defcends Placet,
the rivers in queft of prey ; found alfo off Icdandj and from
Spitjbergen to the Tchutkinofs.

Sea Calf. Phil. Trar./. 'ix.V4,.tai.v. Utfuk ? Cratitz Greenl. 1, 12J. Schrehir 478. Great,

Le grand Phoque. De Buffo>!,\n\. 345, Cah i. 43. Lev. Mus.

Q refembling the common, but grow to the length of twelve *.
^* feet : that defcribed in the Pkil. TranJ. was feven feet and
a half long, yet fo young as to have fcarce any teeth; the com^
mon Seal is at full growth when it has attained the length of
fix.

Inhabits the coaft of 6'('o//t?«i, and the (out\\ oi Greejiland. The Place.
Ikin is thick, and is ufed by the Greenlandcrs to cut tliongs out
of for their Seal fiftiery. Perhaps is the fame with the great
Kamtfchatkan Seal, called by the Ritffians, Lachtach, weighing
800 lb. -f, whofe cubs are black.

* A gentleman of my acquaintance fliot one of that fize in the' north of Scot-

la>iel.

•f- Mulhr''s Vo)'. Kamtjchatla, Co,

Neitfek,

27S SEAL,

47<). Rough. Neitfek. Cravlz Cretr.I.'i. 124. Schnher,c\xxxy\.

C with rough brifily hair, intermixed like that of a hog; of a
^* pale brown color.
Placs. Inhabits Greenland: the natives make garments of its fkin,

turning the hairy fide inraoft. Perhaps what our Newfoundland
Seal-hunters call Square Pbipper; whofe coat, they fay, is like
that of a water-dog, and weighs fometii-nes 5001b.

5o PoRciKE Phoca porcira. Molina Chili. 260.

Q agreeing in general form with the l/iftne, N° 4S5, but the nofe
*^' is longer, and rcfembles a hog's fnout; it has alfothe vefliges
of ears: the feet have five diftinet toes, covered with a common
membrane.
Placs. Inhabits the coaft of C/.v7<, but is a rare fpecies.

481. Eared. Q with conoid head : nofe rather pointed: ears an inch long, very
• narrow and pointed : whifkers very long and white : forefeet
pinniform; neither toes nor nails apparent, terminated mem-
braneoufly : in the hind feet the toes apparent, and each furnilhed
with its nail J the mtmbrane extends beyond, and then divides
in o five narrow divifions, correfpondent to each toe; the tail a

little

.VIK.

:'.///.

,/uf/-// ,j A/a/ _

-^,f.i.

SEA Lr 2"-^

little more than an inch long : the whole body is covered mth
longifh hair of a whitifh or creme-color: the length from nofe to
tail is rather more than two feet.

Inhabits the {lrei;"hts of Magellan. This fpecies is finely preferved Place.
in Mr. Parkinfon's Mufeum, on the fouchward fide of Black-friars
Bridge. That gentleman has very properly placed feizing on k
the Condor vulture, the vaft co-inhabitant of the Magellanic regions.
Every one knows that Mr. Parkin/on is now pofleflcd of the late
Sir J/Jjlon Lever's Mufeum; 1 have therefore ftill retained the words
Lev. Mtrs. to the defcription of every animal contained in that
matchlefs coHedion.

Clap-myfs, EgcJe Greeil. S4. Neuferfoak. Cra^-.tz Gretnl.'i. iz^. g tt

O with a ftrong folded fkin on the forehead, which it can fling
*^* over its eyes and nofe, to defend them againfl: ftones and
land in ftormy weather: its hair white, with a thick coat of thick
black wool under, which makes it appear of a fine grey.

Inhabits only the fouth of Greenland, and Nnvfoundland: in Px,acb
the laft is called the Hooded Seal: the hunters f;y they cannot kill
it till they remove the integumeat on the head.

Black-l^ded Seal. Egede Greenl. plate \n. Phaca oceanica Krylatca Ruff. Lefechin n jt.bp

Attarfoak. Cratnz. Greeid. i, 124. Schre- u(l. accd. Petrop. fars i. 259. lab, vi.
ber, Cah. i. 39. vil.

Q with a pointed head and thick bo^-ly, of a whitifh grey color,
marked on the fides with two black crefcents, the horns

pointing

iSo SEAL.

pointing upwards towards each other ; does not attain this mark
till the fifth year-, till that period, changes its color annually,
and is diflinguiihed by the GreenkipJcrs by different names each
year.
Placi. Inhabits Greenland and Nezi-foimdland, Iceland, the f'FJ.nte Sea,

and Frozen Ocean, and paffes through the JJiaiic ftrait, as low as
Kamtfchatka : is the moft valuable kind; the fliin the thickeft
and beft, and its produce of oil the greateft : grows to the length
of nine feet. Our Filhers call this the Harp, or Heart Seal, and
flyle the marks on the fides the faddle. Th.ere is a blackilh va-
riety, which they fay is a young Harp, called Bedlemer.

B LifXLE ^'^ petit Phoque. Be Buffcn, iii. 54.1. tab, Yin. Schreher, cxxxv.

^ "*■ ■ Ltv. Mus.

Q with the four middle cutting teeth of the upper jaw bifur-
*^* Gated; the two middle of the lower jaw llightly trifur-
cated : a rudiment of an ear : the webs of the feet extending far
beyond the toes and nails: hair foft, fmooth, and longer than in
the common Seal: color dufky on the head and back; beneath
brownifh: length two feet four inches.

Our Seal-hunters affirm, that they often obferve, on the coaft
of Nezvfoundland, a fmall fpecies, not exceeding two feet, or two
feet and a half, in length. M. de Bufon fays the fpecimen in the
cabinet of ihe French king came from India; but from the au-
thority of Dampler, and of modern voyagers to the Eaji Indies,
4 who

Size.

,/.»'/.

'/!/r.>y^/^.' ,Mu/ ' L/.tv

SEAL. 281

who have affured me they never faw any Seals * there, I fufpetfl
he was impofed on.

Captain Abrahatn Dixon affured me that he faw off the coaft of
North America, in his voyages of 1785 to 1788, multitudes of fmall
Seals, not exceeding a foot in length : they were perpetually dip-
ping and rifing again, but v/ere fo adive that he never could procure
a fpeciraen.

Urfus Marinus. Stelkr. Nov. Com. Pe- PhocaUriina. Ph. capite aurlculato. i/«. -s-. Ursine.

trop.n. I'ii.tab, XV. Jyfi- SS' ^'

Sea Cat. Hiji. Kamtjchatka, 123. Mul- L'Ours Marin, ^r^n y««</. iSd. Schre-

ler't Exfed. 59. ber, cx.xxii.

'nr^HERE are three marine animals, which keep a particular
■*" fituation, and feera divided between the N. E. of JJm, and
N. W. of America, in the narrow feas between thofe vaft conti-
nents. Thefe are v/hat are called the Sea Lion and Sea Bear,
and the Manati. They inhabit, from June to September, the ifles Place.
that are fcattered in the feas between Kamtjchatka and America, in
order to copulate, and bring forth their young in full fecuritj'.
They never land upon Kamtjchatka. The accurate and indefa-
tigable naturalift Steller was the firft who gave an exad: defcrip-
tion of them; he and his companions, in the Rujfian expedi-
tion of 1742, were in all probability the firft Europeans who gave

• A gentleman, the mod curious, and greateft navigator of the hdian feas now
living, informed me, that he not only never met with any Seals in thofe feas, but
even none nearer than the ifles of Gallopagei, a little north of the line, on the coaft of
JmerUa.

Vot. II. O o them

282 SEAL.

them any difturbance in thofe their retreats. In September, thefe
animals quit their ftations, vaflly emaciated ; fome return to the
Afiatk, others to \\\.t American fhores ; but, like the Sea Otters,
are confined in thofe feas betjween lat. 50 and p^^).

They are not, as far as I can difcover, found from thofe places,
any where nearer than Neio Zealand*, where they are very com-*
nion, and again about Staten Landf, the frozen ifland of Nevj.
Georgial, and the Falkland ii\ands\\. I fufpeft that they are alfo
found in the ifland of Juan Fernandez ; for, among the Seals fo
imperfed\ly defcribed by Don Ulloa^, his fecond kind feems to
be of this fpecies. I may add, that Alexander Selkirk fpeaks of
Seals which come on fliore in that ifland in November to whelp -|-,
which nearly correfponds with the time our late circumnavigators
faw them in New Tear's ijlands, where they found them and their
young in December. Laftly, I may mention the ifles of Gallopagosy
where Captain PFoodes Rogers fays he was attacked by a fierce
Seal, as big as a bear, and with difficulty efcaped with his life**.
The U>fwe Seal, a name we fubftitute for the fea-bear, leads,
during the three months in fummer, a moft indolent life : it ar-
rives at the iflands vaftly fat; but during that time they are fcarce
ever in motion : confine themfelves for whole weeks to one fpot,
fleep a great part of the time, eat nothing, and, except the em-
ployment the females have in fuckling their young, are totally
inaftive. They live in families; each male has from eight to fifty
females, whom he guards with the jealoufy of an eaflern monarchy
and though they lie by thoufands on the fhores, each family

* Forfter^s ohf. i8g. t Cook's nioy, ii. 205. J Cook's way, ii. 21 J.

Forjier's 'voy. ii. 529. || Perntiti, Engl. ed. 187. tah. xvi. § Voy. ii. 226,

4- In IVoodes Rogers's voy^ 1 36. ** The fame, 265.

4 keeps

SEAL. 283

keeps itfelf feparate from the reft, and fometimes, 'vvith the
young and unmarried ones, amount to a hundred and twenty.
The old animals, which are deftitute of females, or deferted by
them, live apart, and are exceffively fplenetic, peevifh, and quar-
relfome : are exceffively fierce, and fo attached to their old
haunts, that they would die fooner than quit them. They arc
monftroufly fat, and have a moft hircine fmell. If another ap-
proaches their ftation, they are rouzed from their indolence, and
inftantly fnap at it, and a battle enfues; in the conflift, they per-
haps intrude on the feat of another: this gives new caufe of of-
fence, fo in the end the difcord becomes univerfal, and is fpread
thro' the whole (hore.

The other males are alfo very irafcible : the caufes of their dif-
putes are generally thcfe: — The firll: and the moft terrible is, when
an atrempt is made by another to feduce one of their miftrefles,
or a young female of the family. This infult produces a com-
bat, and the conqueror is immediately followed by the whole fe-
raglio, who are fure of deferting the unhappy vanquifhed. The
fecond reafon of a quarrel is, when one invades the feat of ano-
ther. The third arifes from their interfering in the difputes of
others. Thefe battles are very violent ; the wounds they receive
are very deep, and refemble the cuts of a fabre. At the end of
a fight they fling themfelves into the fea, to wafli away the
blood.

The males are very fond of their young; but very tyrannical
towards the females: if any body attempts to take their cub,
the male ftands on the defenfive, while the female makes off with
the young in her mouth ; fhould (he drop It, the former inftantly
quits his enemy, falls on her, and beats her againft the ftones,

O o 2 till

184. SEA L.

till he leaves her for dead. As foon as fhe recovers, fhe comes
in the mod fuppliant manner to the male, crawls lo his feet, and
walhes them with her tears: he, in the mean time, ftalks about
in the moft infulting manner ; but in cafe the young one is car-
ried off, he melts into the deepeft affliftion, and Ihews all figns
of deep concern. It is probable that he feels his misfortune the
more fenlibly, as the female generally brings but one at a timcj
never more than two. Even the cubs of thofe on the ifland of
New Georgia* are very fierce, barking at our failors as they
pafled by, and biting at their legs. The breeding-time in this
ifland is in the beginning oi January.

They fwim very fwiftl)^, at the rate of feven miles an hour. If
•wounded, will feize on the boat, and carry it along with vaft
impetuofity, and oftentimes fink it. They can continue a long
time under water. When they want to climb the rocks, they
fallen with the fore paws, and fo draw themfelves i>p. They are
very tenacious of life, and will live for a fortnight after receiving,
fuch wounds as would immediately defl;roy any other animal.
Descriptio!?. The male of this fpecies is vaPJy fuperior in fize to the fe-

male. The bodies of each are of a conic form, very thick be-
fore, and taper to the tail. The length of a large one is eighc
feet; the greateft circumference five feetj near the tail, twenty
inches. The weight 8co lb. The nofe projecls like that of a
pug dog, but the head rifes fuddenly : noftrils oval, and divided
by a feptum : the lips thick ; their infide red and ferrated ;
whifkers long and white.

The teeth lock into each other when the mouth is doled. In

Ferfier'j nioy. ii. 516. 529.

tfefi

SEAL. 28?

the upper jaw are four cutting teeth, ench bifurcated ; on both
fides is a fmall iharp canine tooth bending inwards; near thac
another, larger: the grinders refemble canine teeth, and are fix
in number in each jaw : in the lower jaw are alfo four cutting-
teeth and two canine: but only four grinders in each jaw : in
all, thirty-fix teeth.

Tongue bifid : eyes large and pro:ninent : iris black : pupil
fmaragdine: the eyes may be covered at pleafure with a flefby
membrane : the ears are fmall, fharp-pointed ; hairy without,
IJTiooth and polifhed within.

The length of the fore-legs is twenty-four inches^ like thofe
of other quadrupeds, not immerfed in the body like thofe of
Seals: the feet are formed with toes, as thofe of other animals,
but are covered with a naked ikin, fo that externally they feeni a
fhapelefs mafs, and have only the rudiments of nails to five la-
tent toes : the hind legs are twenty-two inches long, are fixed to
the body quite behind, like thofe of Seals, but are capable of be-
ing brought forward, fo that the animal uiakes ufe of them to
fcratch its head : thefe feet are divided into five toes, each di^
vided by a great web, and are a foot broad : the tail is only two
inches long.

The hair is long and rough ; beneath which is a foft down, of
a bay-color: on the neck of the old males the hair is erecl, and
a little longer than the reft. The general color of thefe animals
is black, but the hairs of the old ones are tipt with grey. The
females are cinereous. The flvins of the young, cut out of the
bellies of their dams, are very ufeful for cloathing, and coft about
3 s. 4d. each ; the Ikin of an old one, 4 s.

The fat and flefh of the old males is very naufeous ; but the

flelb

2Sb SEA L.

flefh of the females refeiiibles lamb j and the young ones roafted
are as good as fucking-pigs.

i86. Bottle- Sea Lion. Datnpier''s i'»t'. i. 90. iv. ij. Le Lion Marin. BriJJhv. quail. 167. De
f;os£. Rogers's 'voy.116. ^n/en's <vty. 122. Bhffon, xm. 351. .SV/6'r^t''-, cxxxiii.

Phoca Leonina. Ph. capite andce cri- Le Lame. Phoca elephaiitina, Molina
llato. Lin./yjl. 55. C^7/. 261.

Q (/i?^ male) with a projeding fnout, hanging five or fix
inches below the lower jaw : the upper part confifts of a
loofe wrinkled fkin, which the animal, when angry, has the
power of blowing up, fo as to give the nofe an hooked or arched
appearance : the feet fliort and duflcy ; five toes on each, fur-
niflied with nails : the hind feet have the appearance of great
laciniated fins: large eyes: great whiikers : hair on the body
■fliort, and of a dun color; that on the neck a little longer: the

Size. fkin very thick. Length of an old male twenty feet; greateft cir-
cumference, fifteen.

Female. Nofe blunt, tuberous at the top : noftrils wide: mouth
breaking very little into the jaws ; two fmall cutting teeth be-
low, two fmall and two larger above; two canine teeth, remote
from the preceding; five grinders in each jaw; all the teeth
conic : eyes oblique and fmall : auricles none : fore legs twenty
inches long: toes furniihed with fiat oblong nails: hind parts,
inftead of legs, divided into two great bifurcated fins: no tail:

Size. the whole covered with Ihort rufl-colored hair. Length, from nofe
to the end of the fins, four yards : greateft circumference two
yards and a half*.

* Defcribed from a well-preferved fpecimen in the Mufcum of the Royal
Society. I his is the animal called by Dr. /"ar/sw;, a JVtoa//.

Inhabits

SEAL. 2S7

Inhabits the Teas about Nezv Zealand*, the ifland of Juan Fey' Place.

tiiiHifezf and the Falkland ijla/tds'l, and that of Neza Georgia \\y
S. bt. 54 — 40. Are feen in great numbers, in yune and July, the
brceding-feafon, on the ifland of Jura Fernandez, which they refort
to for the purpofe of fuckhng their young on fhore, and continue
there till September. They bring two at a time. The female, during
that feafon, is very fierce : one of Lord Anfon'i iailors was killed by
the enraged dam of a whelp, which he had robbed her of. The male
fliews little attachment to its young, but the female is excef-
fively fond of it: the former will fuffer it to be killed before his
face without (hewing any refentment. Towards evening, both
male and female fwim a little way to (ta., the lafl: with the young
on its back, which the male will piifla off, as if to teach it to
fwim.

They arrive on the breeding-iflands very fat and full of blood :
when they are in motion, they feem like a great fkin full of oil, from
the tremulous movement of the blubber, which has been found
to be a foot thick. The Spaniards very properly call thefe, and the
Urigne lobos de Aceyte, or oil wolves, from their looking like a fkin
full of oil, from the motion of the vafl quantity of fat or blubber,
of which their bodies confift§. One has been known to yield a butt
of oil; and fo full of blood, that what has run out of a fingle
animal 4- has filled two hogfiieads. The flefi-i is eatable: Lord
Anfons people eat it under the denomination of beef, to diftinguifli
it from that of Seal, which they called lamb.

* For/ler's ohf. 190. f Jifon^s voy. 122. J Pemellt 202»

II Cook's I'ny. ii. 2:3. For/ler's voj. 527. § VHoa's fq. n. 227.

4 Aiifan's I'oy. 123.

The

2S8 SEA L.

Tlie old animals have a tremendous appearance, yet arc ex-
ceffively timid, except at the breeding-feafon, when they feem
to lofe their apprehenfions, and are lefs difturbed at the fight of
man. At other times, they hurry into the water; or, if awakened
out of their lleep by a loud noife, or blows, fall into vaft con-
fufion, tumble down, and tremble in every part, thro' fear.

Thcfe animals aflbciate in families, like the former, but not in
fuch great numbers: the males flievv equal jealoufy about their
miftrell'es, and have bloody combats on their accounts: oft-times
there is one of fuperior courage to the reft, and procures by dint
of valour a greater number of females than others. They arc
of a very lethargic nature, fond of wallowing in miry places, and
will lie like fwine on one another: they grunt like thofe animals,
and will fometimes fnort like horfes in full vigor. They are very
inactive on land : to prevent furprize, each herd places a centi-
nel, who gives certain fignals at appearance of danger : during
the breeding-feafon, they abftain from food, and before that is
elapfed become very lean ; at other times they feed on fifh and
the fmaller Seals.

a87 Leonine. 2e![l:i lAzrlvti, Kurillh, Kamf/chaJ^iUs et Sea Lion, Cock's ivy. i\. 20^. Ferjtr's

^ ' R!,j/]..,Kunl/icoT\omineSiwutichzdi&d. i»r. ii. 513. Femetti't 'uoy. Zi^o. tab.

Kov. Com. Pet'Op. ii. 360. xvi.
Phora Leonina. Mtlma Chili. 162.

Swith a Ihort nofe turning a little up: great head : eyes large :
• vvhiikers long and thick, and ftrong enough to ferve for
pick-tooths: on the neck and Ihoulders of the male is a great

mane

CI.

/fo/uz/f . Oaf _

4^/.

SEAL.

mane of coarfe, long, waving hair, not unlike the Hiaggy ap-
pearance of a lion : the reft of the body covered with a very
Ihort, fmooth, and glofTy coat. The vifhole color is a deep brown:
thofe of the Kamtfchatkan iflands are reddifh ; the females tawny.

The fore feet are like thofc of the Urjine Seal, refembling a flat
fin, formed of a black coriaceous fubftance, without the left external
appearance of toes, as nioft erroneoufly reprefented by Pernetti:
the hind feet are very broad, furnidied with very fmall nails,
with a narrow ftripe of membrane extending far beyond each : tail
very (liort: hind parts vaflly large, fvvelling out with the vaft
quantity of fat.

The old males are from ten to fourteen feet long, and of Size.
great circumference about the fhouldersj they weigh from twelve
to fifteen hundred pounds : the females are from fix to eight
feet in length, of a more flender form than the males, and arc
quite fmooth.

Penroje and Pernetti afcribe a much greater fize to thofe of the
Falkland ifles. The former fays, that fome of the males are
twenty-fix feet long*; and the latter affirms that their length is
twenty-five feet, and their girth round the (boulders from nine-
teen to twenty f.

They inhabit in vaft numbers Phignhi and Seal ifiands, near Place.
Cape Dejire, on the coaft of Patagonia % ; are found within the
ftraits oi Magellan, and on Falkland ijles: they have not yet been
difcovered in any other part of the fouthern hemifphere, or in
any other place nearer than the fea between Kamtfchatka and
America. The inhabitants of Chili call them 1'bapcl lame, or the
Seal with 3. mane.

i* Exped. Falkland IJJa, iZ. \ Foj. Maltuinei, 2J^o. J iVar^^wa^-J, 31.

Vot, II. P p They

290 SEA L.

Manners. They live in families feparate from the U^-f.ne and other Seals:

thefe poflefs the beach nearefl to the fea: they have much of the
lethargic nature of the former; and, like them, are polygamous :
they have from two to thirty females apiece : they have a fierce
look ; the old ones fnort and roar like enraged bulls ; but on the
approach of mankind, fly with great precipitation : the females
make a noife like calves: the young bleat like lambs.

The old males He apart, and poflefs fome large ftone, which no
other dare approach ; if they do, a dreadful combat enfues, and
the marks of their rage appear in the deep gafhes on various
parts of their bodies. The males frequently go into the water,
take a large circuit-, land, and carefs their females with great af-
fedlion ; put fnout to fnout as if they were kifling one another.
The females, on feeing their male deflroyed, will fometimes at-
tempt to carry away a cub in their mouth, but oftener defert
them through fear.

The food of thefe animals is the lefler Seals, Pinguins, and fifhj.
but while they are afhore they keep, in the breeding-time, a faft
of three or four months; but to keep their ftomachs diftended,
■will fwallow a number of large flones, each as big as two filts.

488. Uricne* L'Utigne. Phoca lupina. Molina Chili, 255.

C with the body very thick at the fhoulders, gradually leflening
*^* to the hind legs : head Tike a dog, with the ears clofe cut :
nofe fliort and blunt : upper lip cunihneated : fix cutting teeth
above; four below: fore foot has four toes inclofed in a mem-
branous (lieath, fo as to refemble fins : the hind feet are hid in a

continuation

SEAL. 291

continuation of the ikin of the back, and have five toes of unequal
length, like thofe of the human hand : tail three inches long : the
fkin is covered with two forts of hairs, one like that of an ox, the
other more hard : the colors various : length from three to eight
feet.

Thefe are the Sea wolves which navigators fpeak of off the Placi;
Ifland oiLobos, near the river Plata. They appear in vaft multitudes,
meet the Chips, and will even hang by the fides with their paws,
and feem to ftare at and admire the crew : then drop off and return
to their haunts*. They fwim with incredible fwiftnefs. The na-
tives of Chili kill them for the fkins, and for the oil.

» Father Cattaim's firft Lettsr in the miffioni of Paraguay, p. 127,

P p 3 Pinnjform

392 M A N A T I.

XLIII. Plnniform fore-legs : hind parts ending in a tall, horizon-

MAN ATI. tajiy fl,jf^ -p^yQ jg^jg between the legs.

489. Whale- Manati. Riiferum Morikuia Korowa. De Buffon, Supplem. \'\. i<^^.

TAILED. Stellex in Xo'v. Cam. Peirof. ii. 294. Trichecus Borealis. Gm. Li/i. 1. 61. ^^

Schreter, 11. C)^. Hiji. Kamtjcbatka, I32.

'"T^HIS animal in nature fo nearly approaches the cetaceous
"^ tribe, that it is merely in conform.ity to the fyftematic
writers, that I continue it in this clafs : it fcarce deferves the
name of a biped ; what are called feet are little more than pec-
toral fins ; they ferve only for fvvimming ; they are never ufed to
affifl: the animal in walking, or landing; for it never goes afhore,
-nor 6ver attempts to climb the rocks, like the IFalrus and Seal. It
brings forth in the water, and, like the whale, fuckles its young
in that element : like the whale, it has no voice; and, like that
animal, has an horizontal broad tail in form of a crefcent, without
even the rudiments of hind feet.
Place. Inhabits the feas about Bering's and the other Jkutian iflands,

which intervene between Kamtfchatka and America, but never ap-
pears 0^ Kamtfchatka, unlefs blown alhore by a tempeft. Is pro-
bably the fame fpecies which is found above Mindanao * ; but is
certainly that v,'hich inhabits near Rodriguez, vulgarly called
Diego Rejs, an ifland to the eafl: of Mauritius, or the ifle of

Dempier'tvoy, j. 321.

Franctf

M A N A T I.

293

France, near which it is likewile found *: Sir Jofeph Banks favored
me with the fketch of one drawn off this ifland in 1761, by Uliih
Mole, of the Norfolk man of war* It is Hkely that this fpecies
extends to Nezv Holland, where Bampier fays he has feen it -f-.

They live perpetually In the water, and frequent the edges of Manners.
the fiiores; and in calm weather fwim in great droves near the
mouths of rivers; in the time of flood they come fo near the
land that a perfon may llroke them with his hand: if hurt, they
r?,':ai our- -to the fea: but prefcntly return again. They live
in families, one near another ; each confiils of a male, a female,
a half-grown young one, and a very fmall one. The females
oblige the young to fwim before them, while the other old ones
furround, and, as it were, guard them on all fides. The af-
feftion between the male and female is very great ; for if flie
is attacked, he will defend her to th'^ utmoft, and if fhe is
killed, will follow her corpfe to the very fliore, and fv/im for fome
days near the place it has been landed at.

They copulate in the fpring, in the fame manner as the
human kind, efpecially in calm weather, towards the evening.
The female fwims gently about; the male purfues, till, tired
with wantoning, flie flings herfelf on her back, and admits his
embraces J. Steller thinks they go with young above a year : ic
is certain that they bring but one young at a time, which they
fuckle by two teats placed between the breafl:.

They are vaftly voracious and gluttonous, and feed not only
on the fuel that grow in the fea, but fuch as. are flung on the

* Voy.de laCaille, 229. f Voy. i. 33.

X The Leonine and Urjiae Seals copulate in the fame manner, only, after fpoiting
h\ the fea for fome time, they come on fhore for that purpofe.

edges

294 M A N A T I.

edges of the fliore. When they are filled, they fall afleep on their
backs. During their meals, they a.e fo intent on their food,
that any one may go among them and chufe which he likes
beft.

Their back and their fides are generally above water; and as
their Ikin is filled with a fpecies of loufe peculiar to thtm,
numbers of gulls are continvially perchiiig on their backs and
picking out the infefts.

They continue in the Kamtfchatkan and Amenam feas'the whole
year ; but in winter are very lean, fo that you may count their ribs.
They are taken by harpoons faftened to a flrong cord, and after
they are ftruck it requires the united force of thirty m.en to draw
them on (bore. Sometimes, when they are transfixed, they will lay
hold of the rocks with their paws, and ftick fo faft as to leave the
fkin behind before they can be forced off. When a Manati is
ftruck, its companions fwim to its afliftance; fome will attempt
to overturn the boat, by getting under it ; others will prcfs down
the rope, in order to break it ; and others will ftrike at the har-
poon with their tails, with a view of getting it out, which they
often fucceed in. They have not any voice, but make a noife
by hard breathing, like the fnorting of a horfe.
Dbscriptiok. They arc of an enormous fize: fome are 28 feet long, and

Sooo lb. in weight ; but if the Mindanao fpecies is the fame with
this, it decreafes greatly in fize as it advances fouthward, for
the largeft which Dampier faw there, weighed only fix hundred
pounds *. The head, in proportion to the bulk of the animal,

* Dampier, i. 321, Voyagers are requefted to obferve, whether there are not the
two fpecies about this and the other iflands of the Indian ocean.

M A N A T I. 295

IS fmall, oblong and almoft fquare : the noftrils are filled with
(hort briftles : the gape, or ri8i(s, is fmall ; the lips are double:
near the jun6t:ion of the two jaws the mouth is full of white tu-
bular briftles, which ferve the fame ufe as the laminae in whales,
to prevent the food running out with the water : the lips are alfo
full of briftles, which ferve inftead of teeth to cut the ftrong roots
of the fea-plants, which floating afhore are a fign of the vicinity
of thefe animals. In the mouth are no teeth, only two flat white
bones, one each i?.w; one above, another below, with undu-
lated furfaces, which ferve inftead of grinders.

The eyes are extremely fmall, not larger than thofe of a flieep :
the iris black: it is deftitute of ears, having only two orifices, fo
minute that a quill will fcarcely enter them: the tongue is point-
ed, and fmall: the neck is thick, and its junflion with the head
fcarce diftinguift^able; and the laft always hangs down. The cir- Sizr.
cumference of the body near the fhoulders is twelve feet ; about the
belly twenty; near the tail only four feet eight : the head thirty-
one inches : the neck near feven feet: and from thefe meafure-
ments may be coUefled the deformity of this animal. Mear the
{boulders are two feet, or rather fins, which are only two feet two
inches long,- and have neither fingers nor nails ; beneath are con-
cave, and covered with hard briftles : the tail is thick, ftrong, Tail^
and horizontal, ending in a ftifF black fin, and like the fubftance
of whalebone, and much fplit in the fore part, and flightly fork-
ed ; but both ends are of equal lengths, like that of a whale.

The fkin is very thick, black, and full of inequalities, like the
bark of oak, and fo bard as fcarcely to be cut with an ax, and has
no hair on it : beneath the fkin is a thick blubber, which taftes
like oil of almonds. The flefli is coarfer than beef, and will not,

fooQ.

296 M A N A T !.

foot! putrify. The young ones tafte like veal. The fkin ufed
for fhoes, and for covering the fides of boats.

The RuJJians call this animal Morjkaia koroiva, or Sea-cow; and
Kapujinik, or Eater of herbs.

490. Round- Ma»/i>i''j SiiiegaL z^g. Lxv.Mvs.

TAILED.

with thick lips: eyes as minute as a pea: two very fmall
orifices in the place of ears : in each jaw are nine grinding
teeth ; in all thirty fix : neck fliort, and thicker than the head ; the
greateft thicknefs of the body is about the flioulders, from which it
grows gradually fmaller to the tail : the tail lies horizontally, is
broad, and thickeft in the middle, growing thinner to the edges,
and quite round.

The feet are placed at the flioulders: beneath the fkins are
bones for five complete toes, and externally are three or four
nails f^at and rounded: near the bafe of each leg, in the fe-
male, is a fmall teat.

The fkin is very thick and hard, having a few hairs fcattered
over it.
Size. The length of the fpecimen in the Lever i an Museum is fix

feet and a half-,- the greateft circumference, three feet eight
inches ; that near the tail, two feet two. This was taken near the
Marigot of Kantai, in the river Senegal: they grow to the length of
fourteen or fifteen feet : they are very fat, and both fat and lean
referable veal : but the fat adheres to the fkin, in form of blubber:
the negroes take them by harpooning, and fell them at the rate of

two

M A N A T L 297

two long bars of iron apiece. The feafon is only in the months of
December and January. Manati are found in nioft of the African
rivers to the fouth of the Niger, and poffibly to thofe on the eaftern
coaft. The woman-fifli taken off the \{[tsBo(icas, to the fouth of the
river Czwww, is feemingly of tiiis fpecles, notwithftanding the pious
defcriber. Father Jonanes dos Sancios, furniflies it with four tremen-
dous tuflies *.

De Buffon, xiii. 425. tab. Ivil. Rali fyn. Trichechus Manatus. Lin. fyji. 49. GuiAN

quad. 193, • ^c/^Tf^^r, tab. Ixxx. "*" * *'

T\/r with a head hanging downward ; the feet furniQied with five
■^"-'■' toes : body alraoft to the tail of an uniform thicknefsj near
its jundion with that part grows fuddenly thin: tail flat, and in
form ofajpadda; thickeft in the middle, growing thinner towards
the edges.

Inhabits the rivers and fea of Guiana : it grows to the length of
fixteen or eighteen feet : is covered with a dufky fkin with a few
hairs f. Thofe meafured by Dampier were ten or twelve feet
long: their tail twenty inches in length; fourteen in breadth;
four or five thick in the middle; two at the edges: the largeffc
(according to the fame voyager) weighed twelve hundred
pounds. But they arrive at far greater magnitude : Clujius examin-
ed one which was fixteen feet and a half long; and Gomora fpeaks
of them as fometimes of the length of twenty feet.

* Piirchas. u. 1446, + Bancroft's Guiana, 186.

Vol. II. Q^q CLUSIUS,

298 M A N A T I.

492. Manati /^LUSIUS, inhisExotics, p. i32,givesaprintanddercr*iptionofa
I. V> ]\^jiaii brought from me If'e/l Indies : bur neither one or the other
enables us to define the fpecies. He ra3's that it had fhort nails and
broad feet ; and that the tail was broad and fhapelefs. Till we are
better informed we fliall fuppofe it to be the fame with the Guiana.
M. de Buffoit, in his Supplement, vi. 396, makes it a diftind
fpecies, under the i\\\e oi Le grand Lamantia des Antilles.

493. Oronoko. '"T^HIS is the fpecies to which M. de Buffon has in his Supplement,
■*■ p. 400, given the name oi Le petit Lamantia deUAmerique, andfays
it is found in the Oronoko, Oyapoc, and the rivers oi Amazons. This
pufhes its way to the amazing diftance we have mentioned. By the
defcription Gumilla has given of the tail, it is circular *, and proba-
bly muft be referred to this fpecies. I do not underftand why
M. de Bufon calls it Le petit, for it grows to a vaft fize. Father
Gumilla had one taken in a diftant lake, near the Oronoko, which
was fo laige that twenty-feven men could not draw it out of the
water : on cutting it open, he found two young ones, which
weighed twenty-five pounds apiece.

We fufpeft that the Manati of the Ama>zons, &c. never vifit the
fea, but are perpetually refident in the frefh waters.
Place. Thefe animals abound in certain parts of the eaftern coafts

and rivers of South America, about the Bay of Honduras, fome
of the greater Aitilles-f, the rivers of Oronoque'^, and the
lakes formed by it ; and laftly, in that of the Amazons, and the

* Gumilla, 54. f Dampier, 1, jj. J Gumilla, ii. 43.

Cudlaga,

M A N A T I.

Gttallaga, the Pajafa, and mofl: of the others which fall into that
vaft river : they are found even a thoufand leagues from its
mouth, and feem to be ftopt from making even an higher ad-
vance, only by the great cacaradV, the Pofi^o of Borja*. They
fometimes Hve in the fea, and often near the mouth of forac
river, into which they come once or twice in twenty-four hours,
for the fake of brouzing on the marine plants which grow within
their reach : they altogether delight more in brackifh or fweet
water, than in the fait ; and in Ihallow water near low land, and
in places fecure from furges, and where the tides run gently f.
It is faid, that at times they frolick and leap to great heights out
, of the water j'. Their ufes were very confiderable to the priva-
teers or buccaneers in the time of Dampier. Their flefli and fat
are whice, very fwect and falubrious ; and the tail of a young fe-
male was particularly efteemed. A fuckling was held to be moft
delicious, and eaten roafted, as were great pieces cut out of the
belly of the old animals.

The fkin cut out of the belly (for that of the back was too
thick) was in great requeft for the purpole of fattening to the
iides of canoes, and forming a place for the infertion of the oars^
The thicker part of the ikin, cut frelh into lengths of two or three
feet, ferves for whips, and become, when dried, as tough as
wood.

In the head, it was pretended that there were certain ftones, or
bones of great value, on account of their virtues in curing the
gravel and colic {|,

• Condamine, 77. f Dumpier, i. 34. J Gumilla, li. 55.

11 Cluf.i Exot. 233. Monardui fimp. Met), 326.

Q,q 2 They

299

300 M A N A T I.

They are taken by an harpoon ftuck in the end of a ftaff,
which the Indians ufe with great dexterity. They go in a fmali
canoe with the utmoft filence, as the animal is very quick of
hearing. The harpoon is loofe, but fail:ened to a cord of fome
fathoms in length; for as foon as the Aianati is ftruck, it fwims
away witii the barb infixed in its body, attended by the canoe,
till fpent with pain and fatigue : in fome places the Icfler are
taken in nets. If a female, which has a young one, is ftruck, ihe
takes it under its fins or feet, if not too large, and ihews, even
in extremity, the greateft affedion for its offspring ; which makes
an equal return, never forfaking the captured parent, but is al-
ways a fure prey to the harpooner *.

The Indians of the Maragnon, or the river of Amazons, take
them by the means of intoxicating herbs, or by (hooting them %vith
ihofe poifoned arrows -f, whofe left touch is fatal, yet imparts
no degree of venom to the thing ftricken, whofe flelli is eaten
with the utmoft fafety J.

At the time the waters of the Oronoqiie (which annually over-
flow the banks) begin to return into the bed of the river, the
hdians make dams acrofs the mouths of the fliallow lakes formed
by the floods, and in that manner take vaft numbers of Mamii,
or Pexi-buey, or Fifl>cczus, as the Spaniards call them, together
with tortoifes, and variety of fifh 1|.

I conclude this account with the extraordinary hiftory of a
tame Manati, preferved by a certain prince of Eifpaniola, at the
time of the arrival of the Spaniards, in a lake adjoining to his re-

^ /)««//>/-, i. 3-. -t- U'/oa,!. 4.12, Gumilla,\i. \6. % Condamin^s

Trav. 34. Ph. Tr. xK'ii. 8i. Gumilla, ii. 43.

4- " fidence.

M A N A T I. 301

fidence. It was, on account of its gentle nature, called in the
language of the country Malum. It would appear as ibon as it
was called by any of its familiars •, for it hated the Spa/Udrds, on
account of an injury it had received from one of thefe adventurers.
The fable of Jrion was here realifed. It would offer itfeif to the
Indian favorites, and carry over the lake ten at a time, finging and
playing on its back; one youth it was particularly enamoured
with, which reminds me of the claffical parallel in the Dolphin
of Hippo, (o beautifully related by the younger Pliny. The fates
of the two animals were very different; Malum elcaped to its
native waters, by means of a violent flood ; the Hipponcnjian fifh
fell a facrifice to the poverty of the retired Colonifls*.

T^yTR. Steller favv on the coafl of America \ another very fingular 494. Sea Ape.

^^^ animal, which he calls a Sea Ape; it was five feet long: the

head like a dog's: ears fliarp and ereft: eyes large; on both

lips a fort of beard : the form of its body thick and round,

thickeft near the head, tapering to the tail, which was bifurcat- ^

ed, the upper lobe the longeft : the body covered with thick

hair, grey on the back, red on the belly. Steller could difco-

ver neither feet nor paws. It was full of frolick, and played a

* See both relations ; the firft in Peler Martyr's Daatles of the Indies, Dec. iii.
book 8; the other in lib. ix. epill. 33, ai Pliny. The elder Pliny alfo relates the
fame ftory, lib. ix. c. 8.

t The Beluga, which I placed here in my former edition, from the mifrepre-
fentation of other writers, is an animal of the cetaceous tribe, called by the
Germans, Wifjiph. ie& Pallas Itin. iii. 84, tab. iv. s.n'^ Craiitx, Greenland, i. 114.

thoufand

jOfe

M A N A T I.

tlioufand monkey tricks; fometimes fwimming on one fide, fome-
times on the other fide of the fliip, looking at it with great
amazement. It would come fo near the fhip, that it might be
touched with a pole; but if any body ftirred, would immediately
retire. It often raifed one-third of its body above the water, and
flood ereft for a confiderable time; then fuddenly darted under the
fhip, and appeared in the fame attitude on the other fide; and
would repeat this for thirty times together. It would frequently
bring up a fea-plant, not unlike the bottle gourd, which it would
tofs about, and catch again in its mouthy playing numberlefs fan-
taftic tricks with it.

D 1 V.

D I V. IV.

WINGED QJJ ADRUPEDS.

504

BAT.

D I V. IV. Winged Quadrupeds :

XLIV. BAT. With long extended toes to the fore feet, conncdled by thin

broad membranes, extending to the hind legs.

* Without Tails.

rr- ^„ Vefpertilio ingens. C/a/'. exol. Qd.. x. cc. /a^. xiv. xvii*. Schreher, 185.

^^^ Cariis volans ternatanus onentahs. >eb. tab. xliv.

Ml'/, i. 91. tab. Ivii. Pteropus rufus aut niger auriculis brevi-

Vefpertilio Vampyrus. V. ecaudatus, hai s.i:avmk\i\\s. Brijfon quad, 153, &

nafo firaplici, membrana inter femora 154. A'a. 2. Shavj Spec. Lin. \m.

divifa. Lhi./yjh^b. Great B:it. EJ^m. 180. Br.Mu/.AJb.

La Kouffette & la Rougette. De Bujon, Muf. Lev. Mus.

The Rousette. -pj with large canine teeth: four cutting teeth above, the fame
^* below: fliarp black nofe: large naked ears: the tongue is
pointed, terminated by fharp aculeated papilU : exterior toe de-
tached from the membrane : the claw ftrong, and hooked : five
toes on the bind feet : talons very crooked, ftrong, and com-
preffed fideways : no tail : the membrane divided behind quite
to the rump : head of a dark ferruginous color : on the neck,
flioulders, and under fide, of a much lighter and brighter red :
on the back the hair fi^orter, dufky, and fmooth : the membranes
of the wings dufky : varies in color ; fome entirely of a reddifli
brown; others dufky. This now defcribed was one foot lone:
its extent from tip to tip of the wings four feet ; but they are
• found vaftly larger.

• The Hiflory of thefe bats has been greatly elucidated by M. De la Nux, who
refided fifty years in the Ijle de Bourbon, where they are found. See M. de BuJon,
Suppl. iii. 253.

This

■ y,/-,/,//^ Ma^ . /'

B A r. S°5

This fpecics is not gregarious, yet they are found in numbers on
the fame tree, by accidentally meeting there in fearcli of food r
they fly by day, and are feen arriving one by one to the fpot
which furnilhes fubfiftence. If by any accident they are frighted,
they will then quit the tree in numbers, and thus fortuitoufly
form a flock. It is different with the other fpecies.

The Rougette*, or Bat, with the fame kind of teeth as the The Roucette.
other, and the fhape of head and body the fame : the whole body
and head cinereous, mixed with fome black ; but on the neck is
a great bed of lively orange, or red.

The fize is much lefs; the extent of wings being little more Sizk.
than two feet.

They are both inhabitants of the fame countries, agree in their
food, but differ in fome of their manners, which I Qiall diftinguifli
in the following hiftory of them.

Thefe monfters inhabit Guinea, Madagajcar, and all the iflands Place.
from thence to the remotefl: in the Indian ocean. They are found
again in Nezv Holland f, the Friendly ijlands, the Nezv HebrideSt
and New Caledonia %. The Rougettes fly in flocks, and perfedlly
obfciire the air with their numbers: they begin their flight from
one neighboring iiland to another immediately on fun-fet, and
return in clouds from the time it is light till fun-rife ||, and lodge
•during day in hollow trees : both live on fruits ; and are fo fond
of the juice of the palm-tree, that they will intoxicate themfelves
with it lill they drop on the ground §.

Notwithftanding the fize of their teeth, they are not carnivo-
rous. Mr. Edzvards relates, that they will dip into the fea for

* Lev. Mus. f Cook^si'oy. iii. 626. J Forfer's oh/. 187. || Dain-

Jii«r's 'voy. i. 381. § Mu/cum Hafiiia, Pars i. Seif, 2. No. 18.

Vox,. II. Rr fifh.

3o6

BAT.

nil). I fiifpeft that faft ; but it is known that they fkini the
water with wonderful eafe, perhaps in fportive moods. They
alfo frequent that element to wadi themfelves from any vermin
v/hich might adhere to them*. They fwarm like bees, hanging
near one another from the trees in great cluftersf; at left five
hundred were obferved hanging, fome by their fore, others by
their hind legs, in a large Cafuarhia-tree, in one of the Friendly
ijlands. When Ihot at, they flew from the boughs very heavily,
uttering a fhrill piping note ; others again, arrived at inter-
vals from remote places to the tree J. In Nejv Caledofiia, the
natives ufe their hair in ropes, and in the taflels of their clubs,
interweaving it with the threads of the Cyperus fqiiarrofus. The
Indians eat them, and declare the flefli to be very good : they
grow exceflively fat at certain times of the year. The French,
who live in the JJle de Bourbon, boil them in their bouillon, to
give it a relilh ||. The Negroes have them in abhorrence §. Many
of the Ronjfetles are of an enormous fize: Beeckman** meafured
one, whofe extent from tip to tip of the wing was five feet four
inches ; and Dampler-ff another, which extended further than he
could reach with ftretched-out arms. Tiieir bodies are from the
fize of a pullet to that of a dove: while eating, they make a
great noife: their fmell rank; their bite, refiftance, and fiercenefs
great when taken.
They bring but one young at a time.
The antients had fome knowledge of thefe animals. Herodotus^-

* Forfter^sobf. i88. t -^rgenfola Philip, ijles, ij8. Des Marehais,n. zbl^

X Forfier'i 'voy. i. 450. jj Foy. de la Caille, 233. § Des Mauhai:, ibid.

•• Voy. to Borneo, 39. -ff i. 381. + Smji* ■rolegkiTa, tdcti vvxnjta-j
^gomxi^ee. Lib, iii.

mentions

.:B A T.

mentions certain winged wild beafts, like bats, that molefled the
Arabs, who coUedled the CaJJIa, to fuch a degree that they were
obliged to cover their bodies and faces, all but their eyes,
with fkins. It is very probable, as M. de Buffon remarks, it was
from fuch relations the Poets formed their fidtions o( Harpies.

L'mnaus gives this fpecies the tide of Vampyre, conjedturing it
to be the kind which draws blood from people in their fleep.
M. de Buffon denies it, afcribing that faculty to a fpecies only found .
\n S.America: but there is reafon to imagine, that this thirft af-
ter blood is not confined to the bats of one continent, nor to
one fpecies ; for Bontius and Nieuhoff inform us, that they of
Java * feldom fail attacking thofe who lie with their feet un-
covered, whenever they can get accefs; and Gumilla f, after men-
tioning a greater and leffer fpecies, found on the banks of the
Orenoque, declares them to be equally greedy after human blood.
Perfons thus attacked, have been known to be near paffing from
a found flecp into eternity. The Bat is fo dextrous a bleeder as
to infinuate its aculeated tongue into a vein without being per-
ceived, and then fuck the blood till it is fatiated ; all the while
fanning with its wings, and agitating the air, in that hot climate,
in fo pleafing a manner, as to fling the fufferer into a ftill
founder fleep %. It is therefore very unfafe to reft either in the
open air, or to leave open any entrance to thefe dangerous animals;
but they do not confine themfelves to human blood ; for M. Con-

* Baths India, 70. NUuhoff, 2j;. Thefe writers fay that this kind is as
big as a pigeon. I fufpeft that the fpecies jull defcribed is common to Ii:dia
and S. America; Mr. Greenwood, painter, long refident at Surinam, informing
me that there is in that colony a fox-colored bat, whofe extent of wings is above
four feet.

f EiJl^Orenojuc'm. 100. J VUoa's 'vey.'i.dl.

R r 2 damine

307

^^o8 BAT

damine* fays, that in certain parts of America they have dellroyed
all the great cattle introduced there by the miffionaries.

/3. Lesser. B, with head like a grchoiind: large teeth like the
former : ears long, broad, and naked : whole body covered
with foft fhort hair of a ftraw-coior : fhaped like the other in
all refpeds : length, eight inches three quarters j extent, two
feet two inches. Place unknown to the gentleman who fa-
vored me with it. Lev. Aius.

4q6. Spectre. Andira-goacu, verpenlUo cornutus. PZ/o ^6. Klein quad. 6i.

Brafit. 190. h''aycgya've 2r jU. 1113. Pteropus auriculis longis, patults, na/b

Canis volans maxima aurita fem. ex membrana antrorfum inflexa audio.

Nov. Hifpania. Seb. Muf. i. tid. Ivii. Br:JJln quad. .54.

Vefpertilio Ipedlrum. V. ecaudatus, nafo Le Vampire. De Jiufon, x. ^ ^. Schreier,

infundibuliformi lanceolata. Li:t. fyft, 192. tab. xlv.

with a long nole : large teeth : long, broad, and upright
'• ears : at the end of the nofe a long conic erect membrane,
bending at the end, and flexible : hair on the body cinereous, and
pretty long : wings full of ramified fibres: the membrane extends
from hind leg to hind leg: no tail; but from the rump extend
three tendons, terminating at the edge of the membrane. By

Size, Seha^i, figure, the extent of the wings is two feet two inches ;

from the end of the nofe to the rump feven inches and a half.

Place. Inhabits South America: lives in the palm trees : grows very

fat : called Vampyre by M. de Bufon, who fuppofes it to be the
fpecies that fucks human blood : but neither Tifo, or any other
writers who mention the faft, give the left defcription of the kind.

* Voj, S, America, 8j.

Vefpertilio

BAT.

509

Vefpertilio Amencanus vulgaris. Sd. /on quad. i6r. .-„ t

MuJ. \.tab. \v.fi^ 2. LacpauvefourisferdeLmre. D Bufo-, ^^'' J^''^''"'*

Vefpertilio pe: (^v ri'iacus V. eciudatus yiii. I7.b. ' i. x\\':v i •; ,.■«. vii 102

nafo tbliato acumit ato. t/V./i/. 47, tab. IxXiV. Sihre-.tr, 194. lab. xlvi.

V. rPo.T,! colcrii pedibus anticis tctra- B.

daLlvlis, poftkis ppr.i'ti<idyli5. f//y^ -

T) with large pouited ears : an e^eA membrane at the end of

■*^* the noie, in form of the head of an antient javelin, having

on each (idc iwo jpright pfoceffes : no tail: fur cinereous : fize Size.

of a commjn uat.

Inhabits the warm part? oi Awe'ica. Place.

The bat defcribcd bv Mr. Scbret/er, p. 193. tab. xlvi. A. under
the title of La Chauve fouris pelle, has fo much refemblance, that I
place it here as a variety of the former : the nafal membrane be-
ing nearly of the fame form ; the color differs, the fur being fer-
ruginous.

Vefpertilio, roftro appendice auriculx Vefpertilio forlcinus. Pallas MiM. 4S. xgg_ Lgy^p

forma donata Slanne Jam. ii. ^^o. tab. v.* Schreier, 155. tab. xlvii.

Small bat. Ediv. zox.fig 1. Lev. Mus.

La Feuille. De Buffbn, xiii. 227.

Xy with fmall rounded ears : membrane on the nofe of the form
^~^* of an ovated leaf : no tail: a web between the hind legs:
fur of a moufe-color, tinged with red : fize of the laft. Size.

* This feems to be one of the blood-fucking fpecies, the tongue being furni(hed
with aculeated papilla, and is twice the length of the nofe j fo is well adapted for
that purpofe.

Inhabits

310 B A T.

Place. Inhabits Jamaica, Surinam, and Senegal: in the fiifl: lives in

caves in woods, which are found full of its dung, productive of
falt-petre : feeds on the prickly pear.

499. CoRDATED. Glis volans Ternatanus. Seb.Muf.l tab. Vefpertilio fpafina. V. ecaudatusnafofo-
Wufg. I. Schreber, 191, tab. xlviii. liato obcordato. Lin./yjl. 47.

with very broad and long ears : at the end of the nofe a
heart- fhaped membrane : no tail : a web between the hind
legs: color of the face a very light red; that of the body ftill
paler.
Place. Inhabits Ceylon, and the ille of Tenia te, one of the Moluccas.

* * With tails.

500. Peruvian. Chauve fourisdelaValleed'Ylo. F««7/£« tab. Ix.

e/if. Peru, 1714. f. 623. Schreber 196. Vefpertilio Leporinus. Gm. Lin, 47.

with a -head like a pug-dog : large ftrait ears, fliarp at the
ends and pointing forwards : two canine teeth, and two fmall
cutting teeth between each, in each jaw : tail enclofed in the mem-
brane which joins to each hind leg, and is alfo fupported by two
long cartilaginous ligaments involved in the membrane : color of
the fur iron-grey ; but erroneoufly colored in the print, of a ftraw
Sjze. color: body equal to that of a middle-fizcd rat : extent of wings
two feet five inches.

p. With

BAT. 311

p. With a large head and hanging lips, like the chops of a
maftifF: nofe bilobated : upper lip divided : ftrait, long, and
narrow ears, (harp-pointed : teeth like the former : tail Ihort ;
a few joints of it ftand out of the membrane, which extends
far beyond it ; Is angular, and ends in a point : claws on the
hind feet large, hooked, and compreffed fideways: membranes
of the wings dulky, very thin : fur on the head and back
brown; on the belly, cinereous. Length, from the nofe to the Size.
end of the membrane, above five inches ; extent of wings,
twenty.

Inhabits Peru and the Mofqmto fhore : the lafl was given me Plack.
by John Ellis, Efq; F.R. S. It differed from the former in fize,
being lefs; in all other refpefts agreed.

Umiiius, carried away by love of fyftem, places this, on ac-
count of its having only two cutting teeth in each jaw, among
the Glires, next to the fquirrels, under the name of NoElilio
Americams. But fuch is the variety in the numbers and difpofi-
tion of the teeth in the animals of this genus, that he might
form almoft as many genera out of it as there are fpecies. But
as the Bats have other fuch ftriking charafters, it is unneceflary
to have recourfe to the more latent marks to form its definition.
The fame may be faid of feveral other animals.

Autre Chauve fourls. De Buffon, x. 84, 87. tab. xix. fig, i, 2. Scheler, 207, tab. poj_ 3ull-dog.
xlix. Lev. Mus. ^

"13 with broad round ears, the edges touching each other in

^^* front : nofe thick : lips pendulous : upper part of the body

of a deep a(h-color ; the lower paler : tail long ; the five laft

7 joints

312 BAT.

Size. joints quite difengaged from the membrane. Length above two

inches ; extent nine and a half.
Place. Inhabits the H'ejl Indies.

C02. Senegal, Chauve-founs etrangere. De Btiffon,x, Lev. Mus.

%z.tab. xvii. Schreber, 206. tab. Iviii. Vefpertilio njgrita. Cm, Lin. 49.

with a long head : nofe a little pointed : ears (liort, and
' pointed : head and body a tawny brown mixed with a(li-
color : belly paler : two laft joints of the tail extend beyond the
Size. membrane. Length from nofe to rump, above four inches; ex-

tent 21.
Place. Inhabits Senegal.

co:. Pouch. La Chauve-fouris a bourfe. Schreber, zo<). tab. \\\i.

T T rlTH the nofe fomewhat produced : the end thickefl:, and
* " befet with fine whiikers : the chin divided by a fulcus : ears
long, rounded at their ends : on each wing, near the fecond joint,
is a fmall purfe, or pouch : the tail is only partly involved in the
membrane ; the end hanging out : color of the body a cinereous
brown : the belly paler.

gjjjg^ Length an inch and a half.

Place. Inhabits SurinafJU

Autre

BAT.

Autre Chauve-fourls t/e l<tGuya!;iie. Be Buffon,Supplem. vii. 214. tab. Ixxv, 504. Slouch-

eared.

TJ with large pendulous ears, pointed at the ends : nofe obtufc at
"*^* the end : tail long, included in the membrane, and ending
with a hook : color above, a deep chefnut; lighter on the belh',
and cinereous on the fides : length three inches and four lines :
extent of wings fifteen inches.

Inhabits Guiana, Place.

Autre Chauve-fourls. De Buffou, x. 92. tah. xx.Jig. 3. Schrelir, 204. tab. IvI. -q^ Bh ■^k.ded

Lev. Mus. i 3* ■

T> with the noftrils open for a great way up the nofe : hair on
■^" the forehead and under the chin very long: ears long and
narrow : upper part of the head and body of a reddifh brown ;
the lower of a dirty white tinged with yellow : tail included in
a membrane very full of nerves. A fmall fpecies.

Bwith a head fliaped like that of a moufe : top of the nofe 506. New Vork.
• a little bifid : ears ihort, broad, and rounded : no cutting
teeth ; two canine in each jaw : tail very long, inclofed in the
membrane, which is of a conic fhape : head, body, and the
whole upper fide of the membrane which inclofes the tail, co-
vered with long very foft hair of a bright tawny color, lighteft
on the head and beginning of the back ; the belly paler : at
the bafe of each wing a white fpot : wings thin^ naked, and
Vol. II. S s duflcy ;

314 BAT.

Size. du/ky: bones of the hind legs very flender. Length, from nofe to
tail two inches and a halfj tail one inch eight-tenths; extent of
wings ten and a half.
Place. Inhabits North America. Communicated by Mr. AJloton Black-

hirne *. It is alfo found in Nezv Zelandf. Mr. Schreber de-
fcribes it from me, in p. 212. Lev. Mus.

507. Striped. Autre Chauve-fourls. De Buffon, x. 92. tai. xx. fig. 3. Zoof/j. Gi-cmv. No. 2^.

Sdreicr, 205. tab. xlix.

with a fmall fhort nofe; cars fhort, broad, and pointing
* forward : body brown : wings ftriped with black, and
Sizi. fometimes with tawny and brown. Length, from nofe to the
end of the tail, two inches : varies in color ; the upper part of
the body being fometimes of a clear reddidi brown, the lower
whitifh.
Place, Inhabits C^/(?« ; called there, Kiriwoula%. I may add to this

little fpecies of Bat, the mention of a minute kind feen and heard
in myriads of numbers in the ifle of Tanna, one of the New He-
brides, but which efcaped every attempt of our voyagers to ob-
tain a near examination 11.

* The Rev. M. Clayton mentions another fpecies of North Am-rkan Bat; large,
with great ears, and long ftraggling hairs. Phil. I'rat/, abridg. iii. 594.

t ForftrUoh/erv. 189. J PclLs I\li/cel. 49. || Forjier'sobf. 188.

Vefpertilio

QV.

3/4 ■

Z.' \r/r //a/A - \ [jO^".

BAT. 3,5

Ve/pertilio Cephalotes. Pallas Sficil. tool. fafc. iii. 10. tab. \. Schreln, !<:>%. tab, 508. Molucca.
Ixi. Lev. Mus.

13 with a large head; thick nofe: fmallears: tubular noftrils,
"*^* terminating outwards in form of a fcrew : upper lip di-
vided : tongue covered with papills and minute fpines : claw,
or thumb, joined to the wing by a membrane : firll ray of the
wing terminated by a claw : end of the tail reaches beyond the
membrane : color of the head and back greyifli afh-color; that
in the Leverian Museum of a fine ftraw- color : the belly dull
white. Length, from nofe to rump, three inches three quarters ; Size.
extent: of wings about fifteen.

Inhabits the Molucca ifles. Defcribed firft by that very able Place.
naturalift Dodor Pallas.

VefpertUio Lepturus. Schreher,\.3!o.\\n. G»t. Lin. ^o. -qq, Slender-

Tailed,
with tubular noftrils : long ereft ears : color dufky above,

• cinereous beneath.

Inhabits Surinam. Place.

TAIL D.

Vefpertilio Laflurus. S<hreher, tab, Ikii. Gm. Lin. e^o. RoucH-

Bwith upright fmall ears : tail broad at the bafe, terminating in
• a point thickly covered with hair: color a reddifli brown:
a fmall fpecies.
Place unknown.

S s 2 Vefpertilio

3i6 BAT.

RUS.

. Lascopte- Vefpertillo Lafcopterus. Scbrekr, tab, Iviii. B. Gm, Lin. 50.

Bwith a mod prominent rounded forehead : fhort nofe : color a
• bright ruft: upper part of the wings of a paler rufl: : ends and
lower parts of the wings black. By Mr. Schrebers figure it feems a
large fpecies.
Place unknown.

512. Horse-shoe. La Chauve-fouusfer a Cheval. De Bujott, v'm. I'^i, 17,2. tah.xvn, xx. Schriliri

210. tab. Ixii. Br. Zooi. i. 129.

T> widi a membrane at the end of the nofe in form of a horfe-
-*-'• flioe: ears large, broad at their bafe, and fiiarp-pointed, in-
clining backward : wants the little or internal ear : color of the
upper part of the body deep cinereous ; of the lower, whitifli.
There is a greater and lefler variety ; the greater is above three
Cj2i inches and a half long from the nofe to the tip of the tail: its
extent above fourteen. This and all the following have the tail
inclofed in the membrane.
Place. Inhabits Btirgntidy; and has lately been difcovered in Kent, by

yix. Latham, oi Dart ford; found alfo about the C<-7/^/fl« fea. The
long-eared Bat, N" 519, has alfo been obfcrved there, and at Peterf-
burg. This and the four next were fii il difcovered by M, de Buf-
fon, whofe names I retain.

BAT. 317

is No£lule. De "Buffbn, viii. 128, tah, xviii. Schreler, 100. tab. lii. jjj, Noctule.

Great Bat. Br.Zool illuflr, tab. ciii. Br. Zool, i. 128.

T> with the nofe flightly bilobated : ears fmall and rounded :
"V^* on the chin a minute wrr«f a : hair of a reddifli afh-color.
Length to the rump two inches eight-tenths; tail one feven- Size.
tenth; extent of wings thirteen inches.

Inhabits Gr^rt/ jBn/j/« 2^'!\^ France ', very common in the open Place.
defcrts of Rujfia, wherever they can find Ihelter in caverns : flies
high in fearch of food, not fkiniming near the ground. A
g.ni' 'Tii'n informed mc of the following fact, relating to thofe
aiiM , which he was wicnefs to: — that he faw taken under the
ea^'es of ^een's College, Cambridge, in one night, one hundred
and eighty-five-, the fccond night (ixty-three; the third night
two; ar.d fliac eich that was meafured had fifteen inches extent -
of wings *.

La Serotlne. D* 5.-^«, viTi. 129, tab. xviii. Schnber, zoi.lsh.Xni. e^i^, Serotine.

T> with a longilli nofe : ears fliort, but broad at the bafe : hair
"*-'• on the upper part of the body brown, mixed with ferrugi-
nous; the belly of a paler color. Length from nofe to rump, Sizi, .
two inches and a half: no tail.

* No notice was taken cf the fpecies ; but, by tlie fize, it could be neither of the
common kinds. I never faw but one fpecimen of x\\z NiiJitle, which was caught
during winter in Flinijhire,

Inhabits ^

3i8 BAT.

Place. Inhabits France; found in caverns of rocks upon the river //r*

gun, beyond lalce Baikal; but as yet not difcovered in any other
part of the vaft Rujfian dominions.

J If. Greater La Grande Serotine de la <j«y'/j«««. De Buffon Supplem. \ii. i^q. tab. W\u.

SEROTINe,

with a very long, ftrait and ftrong nofe, floping down at the
* end : ears long, ereft, dilated towards the bottom, rounded
at the end : color of the upper parts of a reddifh chefnut ; fides a
clear yellow, reft of a dirty white. Length five inches eight lines:
extent of wings two feet : no tail.
Place. Inhabits Guiana: afTembles in vaft numbers in open places, par-

ticularly meadows ; and flies in company with the goat fuckers,
and both together, in fuch numbers as to darken the air.

ci6. PipisT- La Pipiftrelle. De Buffin, viii. 129. tab. xix.Jig. 2. Schnler, 202. tab. liv.

RELLE.

with a fmall nofe : the upper lip fwelling out a little on
'• each fide: the ears broad : the forehead covered with long
hair : color of the upper part of the body a yellowifh brown ;
Size. ^^ lower parr dufky ; the lips yellow. The left of Bats; not an
inch and a quarter long to the rump: extent of wings fix and
a half.
Place. Inhabits Fnrw^ : common in the rocky and mountanous parts

of Rujxa and Siberia.

BAT.

319

LaEarbaftelle. De Buffon, viii. 130, tah, xxx..fg, i. Schrehtr, 203. tab. Iv.

T> with a funk forehead : long and broad ears ; the lo'ver part
*'-'• of the inner fides touching each other, and conceal the face
and head when looked at in front : the nofe (hort j the end flat-
ted : cheeks full : the upper part of the body of a duiky brown ;
the lower, afh-colored and brown. Its length to the rump about
two inches ; its extent ten and a half.
Inhabits France.

517. Bareas-

TELLE.

Size.

Place.

NtKTf^i?. Ai-ifl hifi. an. lib, i. c. 5.
Vel'pertilio. Plinii lib. x. f. 61. Ge/ner

quad. 7G6. AgrUola Jnim. Subter. 483.
Bat, Flitter moufe. Ra-t/yn. quad. 243.
Rearmoufe. Char-to': Ex.io.
Vefpertilio major. Speckmaus, Fleder-

maus. Khin quad, dl.
Vefperdlio murinus. V. caudatus nafo

oreque fimplici, auribus caplte mino-

ribus. Lin./yft, 47.
Laderlap, Fladermus. Taun.fuec. A'o. 2.
La grande Chauve-rcuris de notre pais.

Briffon quad, 138. D; Buffon, viii. 1 1 3.

tab. xvi.
Short-eared Bat. Br. Zool. i. 130. Edw.

301. Sdjrebcr, 199. tab.li. Lev.Mus.

5 18. Com mon.

with fliort ears: moufe-colored fur tinged with red.
two inches and a half; extent of wings nine.
Inhabits Europe: the moft common fpecies in £k^/(?«</.

Len2;th

Size.

Place.

Souris

320 BAT.

Jig- Lovr.-EAR- Souris Chauve, Rattepenade. Belon ey/, Bri^hn quad, lio, Sba-w /pec. Lin, vii.

ED. 147- L'OreiUar. De Buffon, viii. n8. tab.

Vefpertiiio aurkus. V. nafo oreque fim- xvii. Schreber, 197. tab. 1.

plici, auriculis duplicatis, capite ma- Long-eared Bat. Edvj. 201. Br. Zoo!, i.

joribus. Z.;> yj/? ^-j. Fain:. Jute. No. i- J29, Br. Zed. vlujlr. /fii. ciii. Lev.

KlJnquaii.ti. Mus.
La petite Chauve-fouris de noire pals.

Bwith ears above an inch long, thin, and almoft pellucid :
• body and tail only one inch three quarters long. This

-Size. and all other Bats, except the Ternate and the Horfe-Jljoe, have a

Icfler or internal ear, ferving as a valve to clofe the greater when
the animal is afleep.

Place Inhabits Furope, and is found in Great Britain. Bats appear

abroad in this country early in the fpring; fonietimes are tempted
by a warm day to Tally out in winter; fly in the evenings; live
on moths and other nofturnal infeds ; fkim along the water in
queft of gnats; fly by jerks, not with the regular motion of
birds, for which the antients miftake them; frequent glades
and ihady places; will go into larders, and gnaw any meat they
find : bring two young at a time, which they fuckle at their
breaft : retire at the end of fummer into caves, the eaves of houfes,
and into ruined buildings, in vaft multitudes, where they gene-

, rally remain torpid, fufpended by the hind legs, enveloped in

their wings: are the prey of owls: their voice weak. Owt^ takes
notice both of that and the origin of the Latin name.

Minimam pro corpore vocem
Eniittunt; peraguntque levesjlridore querelas,
TeBaque, nonjyivas celebrant: lucemque perofa
No5ie volant : fero^ue ti^ahunt a vefpere nomm.
6 ADDITIONS.

ADDITIONS.

A PROOF of their being prolific was produced by Mr. Tullot Mules.

■^^ in the parifh of Newtyle, in the (hire of Forfar, about P*ge 8.

twenty years ago, when a fhe-mule, which he turned to a horfe,
brought a foal which much refembled the female parent. But
as there is a fuperftition in Scotland about thefe produdions, the
foal was put to death, being confidered as a monfter.

SUMATRAN ANTELOPE, Antelopi

p. 104.

As communicated by Dodlor Shaw.
Cnmhlng ootan, or Goat of the woods, Marfden^s Sumatra, 93.

CIZE of a common goat, but ftands confiderably higher on its
*^ legs: color an uniform black, but each hair when narrowly
examined is grey towards the bafe : on the top of the neck jufl: '
above the flioulders a patch of whitifh, briftly, long flrait hair,
much ftronger than the reft, and having fomewhat the appear-
ance of a partial mane : on each fide of the lower jaw a longitu-
dinal patch of yellowifh white: ears moderate, marked internally
with three obfcure longitudinal bands of white, as in fome of the
antelopes:- horns fix inches long, bending flightly backwards
iharp-pointed, black and annulated near half their length with

Vol. 11. T t

promment

^?5

ADDITIONS.

prominent rings: tail about the length of horns, and fharptfh:
hoofs rather fmall and black: hair on the whole animal rather
harfh, and not lighter-colored below, or on the belly, than above.

In its difpofition it is wild and fierce, and is faid by the natives
to be remarkably fwift : we are obliged to the author of the elegant
hiftory of Sumatra for the difcovery of this animal.

Monkey. PROBOSCIS MONKEY,

p. 226.

La Guenonalong nez. DeBiiffonSupphm. vii. 53. tab. xi. xii.

with the nofe projefting very far beyond the mouth, like the
' human, but divided in the middle by a Ihallow furrow:
in the profile it exadly refembles a long probofcis, and makes a ri-
diculous appearance: the forehead hangs far over the bafe of the
nofe; the face is hooked, of a brown color, marked with blue and
red : the head covered with thick hair of a chefnut brown: the ears
broad, thin, and naked, hid in the fur: the body is large, cloathed
with hair of a brown chefnut color; orange on the breaft: round
the throat, neck, and flioulders, the hair is longer than that on the
reft of the body, and forms a fort of fiaort cloak, of a color con-
traftingthat of the face : the legs are covered with fhort tawny hair:
Sizi. ^h^ length from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the tail is two

feet : of the tail, above two feet.
Place. Inhabits the Eaji Indies; but the particular part is not mentioned.

THE

J-4:

CA'

:3-z-2.

'/•f>Af>.)r/.> - l/f//

, /f/y/ /■/ - // //-/ rA'/fr , Ifff// ro

ADDITIONS.

323

THE HEART-MARK'D MAUCAUCO. Maucauco.

p. 234.

T HAVE totally forgotten the friend who obliged me with the
- drawing of this animal, and the place ic came from j but pro-
bably from Mddjgafcar., or the neighboring ifles, the feat of molt
of the congenerous fpecies.

All the upper parts of the body are of a deep cinereous brown :
the face marked with large white heart-fliaped fpots : the broader
part extends between the ears j the point reaches almoft to the nofe :
the belly, legs, end feet, are white. I am at a lofs for the fize; but
poffibly the gentleman from whom I received the drawing may
reveal himfelf, and communicate the wanted particulars.

^NE which was examined at the Cape of Good Hope, by Captain Wild Docs.
Blanket, had ears like thofe of a lurcher, but larger, and more on ^' *^ '

the top of the head. It could turn them on all fides with great
facility : feet flatter than thofe of other dogs. It could not
bark or howl, but only cried : was very fierce, and mattered the
tame dogs it was with, though it was only a young one.

SLENDER TOED WEESEL.

with (hort rounded ears : fur foft and fine, grizzled mi-
» nutely with black and rufous: toes very long and flen-
der; five in number; each lobated at the bottom of the firft
T t 2 joint :

324

ADDITIONS.

joint : claws fmall : the upper part of the toes and part of the
legs covered with Ihort velvet-like down.

Length from the tip of the nofe to the bafe of the tail feven
inches: tail about the fame length; buQiy or covered with long
hairs of the fame color with the rat.
PfcACE. A native of Cochin China.

THE ERMINED WEESEL.

Wwith ears fhort, round and naked: within of a fine pink
• color: tip of the nofe black: head white and plain;
the reft of the body and tail white : the firft fpotted with er-
mine-like black fpots, difpofed in rows from neck to tail, on
the fides as well as back : the tail annulated with black : the hairs
on all parts of the tail fliort, only the end is tufted with black.

The legs remarkably- ftrong, and thick covered to the very
claws with long bright ferruginous hairs: claws (harp and white:
length of the head three inches and a half; of the neck and
body from head to tail fixteen inches and a half; of the tail
eleven and a half.

This elegant animal is likewife a native of Cochin China, and »
with the former, communicated to us by the friendlhip of Lieut*
Col. Davies, of the artillery.

INDEX.

cvin.

^^24,

'pMnjifcr !

^J'ff/tY/f /' /(-vv/ 'llrr.tr/ .

CJX.

.J-J. /.

MwrCL J'^jf^

(^ ///// ^/tr/ / hr.tf/

N D E X*.

A Vol. Page

A NT-Eater, or Ant-Bear II. 256
Antelopes, their general

■ hiftory — I. 68

■ Species of — I. 70

Apes, their general hiftory — I. 178

I Sea — II. 301

Armadillo — II. 246

Afs — I. 8

— ^Wild — I. 8

Axis — — — I. 1 1 7

^— Greater ■ — I. 118

Baboons

Baby-rouffa

Badger

Bats

Bear

Polar

Beaver

I. li
i. u

II.

'4
504

Its wondrous oeconomy -
Sea, wJe Sea Otter. -

Beaver-Eater
Beluga —

Bezoar

Bifon, Scottifh
Buck

Buffalo, Indian — —

' When introduced in

Europe — —

— — ^— American —

■ Dwarf, or Anoa —

. Naked, or Bonafus
Ceylon —

BuU

11 +
- II. 115
■ II. 83
.11. 9

• II. 301

I. 58
I. 17
I. 113

• I. 28
:o

• I. 29

• I. 23
I. 30> 36

I. 30
I. 3.
I. 16

Bull-Dog

Vol. Page
I. 242

Camel, Arabian
Badlrian

— I.

Peruvian, or Llama — I.

The only native beaft of

burden in Ameriia — I.

Vicunna — I-

— — — Paicos — I.

Guanaco — 1.

■ Chilihucque — I.

Camelopard — I.

Cajloreum — !'•

Cat, Common — I.

Wild — I.

Mountain — — I.

Civet — II.

Angora — — — I.

Cav^', various fpecies of — II.

Chamois ■ — J.

Chimpanzee — — — I.

Civet - II.

129
132
•33

134
136

137
138
138

118

295

296

277

300

296

180

Deer,

■ — I. 105

Elk, or Moofe — I. 105

— Rein — — — I. 1 1 1

— Fallow — I. 113

— Mexican — I. 122

— Porcine •^—— — I. 119

— Grey — — — I. 123

— Virginian — I. 116

— Red, Stag, or Hart — I. 114

• In this Index very few of the Species are enumerated, that having been amply done under the
Index of Genera; to which the Reader is referred, the Genera being hste printed in capitals for
that purpofe, under which he wiU find all the Species belonging to each.

D££R<

N D

DiER, Axis ■

— — Rib-faced

Tail-lefs —

Dogs, the difFerent varieties —

Dormoufe, Common —

Dromedary i —

Dfliikketaei ■ —

Elephant

Elk
Ermine

Teeth
American

Ferret -

Fifher

Fitchet

Flitter. Moufe

Foflane

Foumart

Fox

Crofs

Brant

— Corfak

— Arftic

Grey

— ^ Silvery

Gazelle, 'vide Antelope

Genet

Giraffe ■

Glutton ■ .

Gnou • .

Goat, Wild, or Ibex

■ Domeftic — I.

■ Angora — — — I.

• Syrian, or long-eared I,

■ ' African ■ — I.

• Caucafatt — I.

Whidaw — — I.

" ' Capricorn — . I.

Vol. Page
I.I17, 118

— I. I 19
' — I. 120

— I. 121

I- 23?
I. 236
II. 157
I. 129
I. 4

I. 165

I. 172
1. 174
I. I oc

n. 3s

II. 40
II. 50
II. 37
11.319
II. 75

n. 33
1. 251

1. 251

1. 252

1-253
1.25;
I, 259
I. 260

— I. 89

— II. 74

— I. 6s

— II. 10

— I. 70

— I- 55

' 60
61

63
64

57
63
64

Goat, Pudu

Greyhound

Guanaco

Hamfter
Hare -
• Alpine
Baikal

Hart

Hedce-hog

HlPFOPOTAME

Hoc

Horse —

Hound

HyjENA

Wild —

Sea, 'vicle Hippopotame.

Vol. Pajt
-- I. 64

— I. 241

— 1. 138

— II. 206

— II. 98

— II. 107
' — If. 104

— I. 114
•— 11. 234

— I- 157

— I. 140

— I. I
I. 2

■ Spotted

1.239
I. 270
I. 272

Jackal — I, 272

Ibex ■ — 1. 55

Ichneumon, deftroyer of ferpents II. 54

Jerboa . — II, 164

Kangaru
Karasran

Lamantia

Leming

Leopard

Lion —

Lizard, Scaly

Llama

Lynx ~

Bay

— — Cafpian

Mammouth's bones
Man of the Wood
Manipouris —

Manati —

U. 29
I. 252

IL 29S
II. 198
L 282
I. 274
II. 252

I- '33
I. 301

I 303
1.304

I. 172
I. 191
L163

II. 202

Mandril

N D

Mandrill —

Ivi anis — —

Marmots
Martin -

Pine

Maucaucos
Minx —
Mococo —
Mole Rats
Moles
Mongooz
Mqnk;£S —
Moofe —
Mokse —
Moufe —
MwLt. Wild
Mule — -
Mufimon
Musk. Animal
Rat

Norway Rat

Once —

Opossum
Orang Outang
Otter —

Otter, Sea
Ox

Vol. Page
— I. 190

— II. Z52

— II. 128

— II. 41

— II- 42

— I. 227

— II. 81

— 1- 230

— II. 214

— II. 2jg

— I. 229

— J. 199

— I. .05

— 11. 265

— II. 184

— I. 4

— I. 8
I.
I. 124

— 11. 221

— J. 44

— Great Indian
•— Abyffinian ■
•— Madagafcar

— Lant or Dint

Holftein and Jutlind

— Podolian and Hungarian
-— Grunting

— Mufli • •

•— Cape •^-^— —
•—- American

Facos

- II. 178

— 1.28;

— II. 18

— I. 180

— II. 77

— II. 83

— I. .6
I. 20, 21

— I. 21

— 1. 21

1. 22

- I. 24

- I. ^I

- I. 32
_ 1. 23

Panther
Pecary
Pekan

Pig, Guinea
Pole-cat ,

American

Vol. Page

— 1.280

— I. 147

— II. s»

— II. 90

— II.

37
64

— II. 122

Porcupine —

■ incapable of darting

its quills — II. I2J

Potto — II. 59

Puma ■ — I. 289

Pygmies, what 1 — I. 183

Quagga
Quick-hatch
Quojas Morrou

Rabbet

Raccoon

Rat

I Norway

Water

Mulk

Ratel -

Rein Deer
Khi noceros
River Hog
Koebuclc -

Sable
Schakal
Sea Bear

Ape

Calf

Cow

Horfe

Lion

Sea l

Shf EP

Cretan —

Hornlefs

Many-horned

—

, 14

—

II.

—

180

10^

11.

—

11.

173

—

11.

178

—

ii.

182

11.

221

II.

• 1.

III

ii;o

.—

11.

—

120

11.

261

—

281

—

11.

^01

II.

270

1 .

266

II.

286

11.

270

—

African

Sheep, African
— ^— Broad-tailed
— — — Sibirian

■ Corfican
- Bearded

Shrew Moufe —

Siyah Ghufti

Skunk ^^■^—

Sloth ^— —

SciJilRRELS —

Stag

Stoat

Strepuceros

Sukotyro — —

Tapiir
Tiger

Hunting —

Unicom
Urchin

Vol.

— i.

— I.

— 11.

— I.

— II.

— 11.

— II.

— 1.

— II.
I. 38

— I.

Pag.

40
41

44
AS
52

221

65
240
138
114

35
, 88

I7>

^^ol. Pag.

163
284

234

Vampire
Van fire
Vicunna
Vifon

Walrus
Warree

Water Elephant
Weesel

Wolf

Wolverene

Yfarus

Zebra
Zerda
Zibet
Zorrina

11
II.

307

1.
11.

136

II.

266

I.
II.

141
157

248

- I. 72

I. .3

1. 267

II. 72

II. 66

INDEX

N D E

OF THE

NAMES of QUADRUPEDS,

I N T H E

ANCIENT CLASSIC WRITERS,

IN THE

WORKS of M. De BUFFON,

AND IN OTHER AUTHORS.

ABBADOS —
Acanthion

Addax

>\dil

Adimain

Adive — —

^egagrus

Agouti

Ahu

Aigrette •

Akouchy

Alagh-daagha — —

Algazel • •

AUo-camelus

Allouatte ■

Alpaco

Amboimenes

Anak cl Ard

Andjra-guacu

Vol, U.

Vol. Page

1. - 154

II. 12Z

I. - 89

I. - 261

I. - 40

I. - 261

I- - 57
II. 94

I.- 93
JI. 240

1. - 207

If- 9S

II. 169

I. - 105

I. - 77

I- - 133
]. - 215
I. - 137
1. - 230
I. - 306
11. 30S

Ane

Anta

Antelope

Apar —

Aper

Aperea

Aquiqui

Arabata

Arftomys

Ariflopithecus

Argali

Arn.'eb

Arm.ndillo
Afhnoko
Afpalax —
Aflapanick
Attarfoak
Aurochs
Axis — —
Aye, Aye
U u

Vol.
I. -

Page

I. -

163
68

246

1. -

11.

140
90

J. -

214

I. -
11.
II.

215
131

240

I, -

II.
11.

44-

II.
II.
II.

246

216

II.

II.
I. -

153

279

I.- 1.7
11. 142

Ayotochtli

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, L'^c.

Ayotochtli

Vol. Page
II. 248

Babouin —

Eaby-rOufTa
Bafwer —

Baieu

Bar

Baraba •—

Barbarefque -

Barbaflelle
Barry s ■

Becheti —^

Behemoth —

Bekker el Wafli
Belette —

Belier —

Beluga —

Bey -—

Biber —

Bievre — — ■

Biggel —

Biorn ■

Bifon d'Amerique
Biur —

Blaireau —

Bobak .^—

Bobr

JBocht —

Boern-doefkie

Bceuf

Bonnet Chinols
Bofchratte

Bouc —

d' Angora
d' Afrique
d' Juda

Baumriitter

Eouquetin

Boury —

Bradypus
Brandhirtz

I. .

194

J. .

14.8

11.

114

J. -

122

II.

21^

Jl.

i<;o

II.

.VQ

1. .

I«0

I. -

132

1. -

157

1. -

102

II.

I. -

11.

301

J. -

212

11.

114

Jl.

114

1. -

11.

I. -

-S

11.

114

II.

11.

114

I. -

IS2

11.

I';?

I. -

209

II.

J. -

102

h -

I. -

299

I. -

J. -

1. -

II.

240

1. -

!l6

Brebis

Eubalus

Bubel

Bucula

Buffle

Bufelaphus

Caaigora ■

Cabiai .

Cabionora — —

Cachicame

Cagui — . ,

Caitaia ,

Callitriche —

Callitrichus .

Camelus

Camclo pardalis

Campagnol

Cani-apro-lupo-vulpes
Capefch

Capibara

Ciprea —

Capreolus

Capricorne

Caracal

Caraco Mus

Carcajou

Canacou

Caribou

Carigueya

Cariguibciu

Caftor

Cataphraflus

Cavia, cobaya

Cavia, genus

Cay _

CayopoIIin

Cemas

Cerf

Chacal —

Chameau

Chamois

Chat

Vol. Page

J- - 37

I. 28, 102
I. - 24
I. - 103
I. - 28
I. - 102

I. - 147

II. 88
II. 88
II. 243

I. 212, 224
I. - 220
I. - 203
I. - 203
I. - 132
I. - 65
II. 205
I. - 272
I. - 265

11. 88

I. 96, 120

I. - 120

;•- 55

I - 30J

II. 181

II. 8

I. - 122

I. - III

II. 20

II. 79

II. 114

11. 246

- Jl. So

11. 88

I. - 219

II. 24

I 85

i. - 114

I. - 261

I. - 132

I. - 44

I. - 295

Chat

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &c.

Chat d' Angora —
d' Efpjgne —

Chat-pard

Chaus Pliaii —

Chauve-fouris —

Cheropotamus

Cherofo ~ ——

Cheval — —

Chevre

Chcvreuil

Chevrotain d'Afrque
de Guinea
des Indies

Chien

Chinjpanzee

Chinch'^

Chinchimen

Chinchilla

Chomik

Choras

Cirquinjon

Citilius

Civette

Clap-Myfs

Coaita

Coafe

Coati —

Cochon

Cochon d'lude

Coendu

Coymatl

Colus

Condoma

Conepate

Coquallin

Corine

Coudous

Coiiguar

Coyotl

Coypu

Crabier

Cncetus

Crocuta

Cuandu

I. -

I. -
I. -
I. -

Page
296
296
300
301

II. 311
,56

II. 186
I. - I
1.
I.

Cuetlatchtli

Cuguaca-apara

Cugacuara

Cuguacu ete

Cugacuarana

Culpeu

Cuniculus

Cynocephalus

Dachs

Dain

Dama, Antelope

Daman Ifrael

Dam-tanhirfcli

Dandoelana

Daniel —

Dant —

Dasfman *

Dafypus

Djammel

Diane

Dqf, Dofhiort

Dorcas

Doug

Dromedaire

Dferen

Dfliikketaei

Dubha

Dugon

Dzik

Echinus Terrefiris
Ecureuil -^

Eichhorn —

Elan

Elephant, Elephas

Elk

Encourbert
Engalla — —

Erdzeifl

Erinaceus — —
Exquima ■— -

X. I. Ul'. J I.

- ir. 234
II. 138
II. 138

I. - 105

- I. - 165
I. - 105

II. 247

I. - 144

II. 205

II. 234, 248

I. - aoi

Fars

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, ^c.

Fara •-

Felis Catus

Feuille

Fial racka

Fiber

Filander

Filfrefs

Filkatta

Filhtal

Flader-mus

Fong kyo fo

Foffane

Fouine —

Fourmillier

Foyna

Fret

Fuchs

Furo —

Ganfud

Galera

Galgopithecus

Gazelle — —

Gemfe — —

Genette — —

Gerbo .i. . .

Ghainouk .

Gibbon »

Giraffe ■

Glis

Glutton — —

Glouton

Gnou ■■

Gornoftay ■

Grafkin ■

Gtrimmc

Grifon .

Guachi ■

Guanaco ■

Guanque _

Guareba — ^

Guepard • ■'

Vol. Page

II. 18

I .95

II. 309

I - 255
II. 114
II. 22
II. 10
11. 6s

I- - 53
II. 319

I- - 133
II. 75
II. 41
II. 260
II. 41
II. 40

I. - 251
U. 40

II. 234

II. 53

I. - 234

1-75' 77' ^9
■ i.-Tz

II. 74

II. 170
I. - 27
I. - 184
I.- 6j

11. 158
II. 10

II. 8
I. -

II.

II.
I. -

II.

138
81

I. - 138

II. .83

I. - 214

I. - 28A

Guerlinguets

Guevei

Guib

Cuillino

Gulo

Gundi

Hamfter —

Ilandl
Hardlooper
Hafe —

Hasrbe
Heriffon

Hermine —

Hippelaphus
Hippopotamus
Hirax — -—

Hirco cervus
Hiort —

Hirfch
Hoang yang
lluanucu-Llama
Hagiun —

Hysna

Hydrochserus
Hyftrix

Vol. P,ji

II. 162
I. - 82
I. - 81

II. 120
II. 10

il- '37

II. 206

I. - 150

I. - 144

II. 93

II. 234

11.234

II. 35

I. - 115

1. - ,57

II. 92

I. - 52

114
1 14

133
129
270
II. 8S
II. \^^

Jserven

Jaguar -

Jaguarete

Jagura

Jarf

Javaris

Ibex

Ichneumon

Jelen —

Jez

Jerboa

Igel, Igelkott

ignavus

Indri —

Jocko

* Dt Bufftm liii, 854. Th« fame with the Hunting Leopard, Nt. 1 84.

II. 10

I. 284, 286

I. - 290

I. - 286

II. 10

I. - 147

I- - 55

II. 54

I. - 114

II. 234

II. 164

II. 234

II. 240

I. - 228

I. - 180

lirirti

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, Is^c.

Irabubos
Ifatis

Kabarga
Kabaffou

Knlan

Kangaru

Kanin

Karagan

Kaffigiak

Kattlo

Kenlie

Kevel

Kidang

Kinkajou

Kob

Koba

Kolonnok

Kot dr.ki

Koulan

Kret

Kron-hiort

Krieticli

Krylatca

Kuna

Llama —

Lacertus •—
Laderlap

Lame —

Lant •

Lapin ■■

d' Angora

Lar

Latax

Lemur — —
Lemmar, Leming

Lemni —

Leo —

Leopard —

Lepus

Vol. Pjg«
I. - 157

ir. 88

L - 2;^

29
'03

301
210

I. . ,.4

II. 249

II.

II.
I. -

II.
I. -
I. -
I. - 265

I. - 92
I. - 119

II. 60

I. - 104

I. - 103

II. 39

I. - 2.5

J. - 8

II. 229

I. - 114

II. 206

II. 279

II. 41

I - 133

- 11.2,-2

II. 319

II. 285

L - 21

II. 103

— II. 104
I. - i«5

II. 80

L - 227

II. 198

• II. 214

I. - 274

1. - 2S2

II. 98

♦ Dt Bvffon, jiv, 224. tab, xxix.

Lerot

Lerwee —

Leucoryx
Levrier —

Lidmee

Lievre

Lion — —

Loir —

Loris

Loup

de Mexique
Loup-Cerviiir —

Loup-Kenard
Loutre
Lowe
Lupus
Lummick
Lutra
Lux

Lynx

M
Maucauco -

Machlis — -

IVJafutiliqui

Magot

iVlagu ■

Maimon

Malbrouck*

Mammouth

Manati ■

Mandril

Mangabey

Mangoulie

Manicoii — — —

M^nipouris •

Manis

Maiiul —

Mapach —

Maraguao -

Mard

Margay ■

Marikina •

Mariputa ■ ' •»

A variety of our Egnt, No, 119.

Vol. Page
II. 1-9

— I.

76
I. - 241

L - 91

II. 98

I. - 274

II. lj8

L - 228

J. - 248

I. - 250
1. - 301

57
77
1. - 274
I. - 248
II. 198
II. 77
L - 301
J. - 301
I. - 301

I. - 227
L - IOC
II. 66
I. - 186
I. - 213
I. - 190

I. - 201
I. - 172
II. 292
I. - 190
I. - 204

JI. 54

IL 18

L - 163

IL 252

L - 294
IL 12

L - 292

II. 41

I. - 292

I. - 225

II. 66

Marmofc

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &c.

Marmofe — —
Marmotte —

Martes, Marte -
Mejangan Banjoe
Meles —

Meminna —

Mico

Mocawk

Mococo — —
Molle —

IVlonax

Mone

Monea —

Mongooz — —

Moofe

Morfe

Morfeuia Korawa
Mouffettes *
Mouflon —
Mouftac

Mouton de Barbarie

Mufro

Mule:

livya,\rj .^——

Mullvad

Mulct

IVlunt-jak .

Murmelthicr — —

Mus Alpinus —

Mus

Mufaraigne — —
Mus Araneus —

Mufc

Mufcardia

Mufimon '

Mufquafh — —

Mufinfcus

Muftela

Myrmeccphaga

Nabbmus
Nagor

Vol. Page

II. 23

II. I2S

II. 41, 42

I. - 118

II. 14

I. - 127

I. - 226

I. - 230

1. - 230

II. 205

11. 133

I. - 2 10

I. - 207

I. - 229

I. - 107

II. 266

II. 292

11. 62

I. - 44

I. - 205

1. - 41

I. - 46

I - 8
II. 224
II. 229
II. 184

I -1.9
II. 128
II. 1^8
II. 1S4
II. 224
II. 224

I. - 124
II. 160

I. - 44
I!. 119
II. 119

n. 33
II. 256

IT. 224
I. - 86

Nanguer

Neitiek

Nems

Niedzwiedz

Nietferfoak

Nil-gliau

Noiitule

Noeiza

Norka

Ocelot

Ochs

Odobenus —
Ogotona

Onager —

Once '

Ondatra

Opeagha —

Opliion

Orang Outang

Oreillar

Oreotragus
Orignal. See Elk,

Oryx

Ortrowidz —

Ouaikare —

Ouanderou -

Ouarine — ^

Ouiftiti

Ourebi ■

Ourico

Ours

Ours hlanc de mer

Ours marin —

Ovis

Vol. P.ige
I. - 85
II. 278
II. 54
II. I
II. 279
I.- 83

n-3'7
II. 80
II. 80

11.319

I. - 287
I. - 16

II. 266

II. 109

I. - II

I. 285, 290

II. 119
I.'

4+
I. - 180
II. 320

Paca
Pacaffe
Paco, Pacos

Palatine

71/. De £i^n's generic name for the Polecats which exhale fo pcftilentiai a 1

I.- 76

I. - 301

II. 240

I. . 198

I. - 214

1. - 224

I. - 79

If. 134

II. I

11. J

11. 281

I.- 37

11. 91
I.- 78
I. - 136
I. - 200

Palmifte

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, ^c.

Palmifte ■

Pangolin — ■ —
Paptbera, Panthere

Papio

Pardus — ^—

Pareffeux —
Pafan, Pafan —

Patas

Pecary

Pekan

Pelander Aroe

Perchal

Pere •

Perugufna —

Petit Gris ■ —

PHalanger -

Phatagiii —

Piiilandre —

Philodotus

Phoca

Plioque

Piciiou ■

Piloris

Piiofello

Pinche ■

Pipiftrelle

Piffay

XItbr.K(^, Pitheque

Platogna ■'

Platyccros —

Poepliagus

Poulatouclie —

Pongo _

Pore-epic

Hfol _

Przewiaika —

Pteropus

Puma ■

Putois

Putorius ^—

Vol. Page

IF. ^49

n 253

- I. - 280

I. - 188

I. 280, 285

1. - 280

II. 240

I- 57- 75
I. - 208
I. - 147

II. s.

II. 21

II. 179
I. - 12

II. 38

II. 144

II,

252

11, 252

II. 270

II.
I. -

270
92

II. 97
II. 74

I.- 2 5

II. 318

I. - ..7

I. - 183
I. - 11;
I.
I.

180

Quagga

Q-

II. 122
I. - 113

n. 38

II. 304, 308

I. - 289

n. 37

a. 37

I.. 14

Quahteclialotl-thlitic

Quapizotl

Quato

Quauhtla — —

Quilj Quirpele —
Quojas Morrou -

QuoU

Quouata

Quumbengo —

Radj ur

Racf

Rangier ■

Rangwo — ^— ^—

Rat

d'Eau

de Madagafcar

Ratal

Raton '
Rattepenade —

Rein Deer '

Renard — ^

Renne —

kennthier

Rhen

Riiinoceros

Riilow

River Paard

Roloway

Root , — —

Kofelet

Rofmarus •

Rofomak ■

Rougette

RoufTette

Rukkaia — —

Rupicapra

Rufla

Rys

Sac3
Saccawlnkee

Vol.

Pa«

II.

, 14.;

1. -

«47

1. -

216

I. -

147

■ U

I. -

180

11,

, 69

1. -

216

I. -

272

I. -

120

i. -

2,-1

1. -

lit

II.

101

11.

,176

, 182

I. -

23^

11.

6tj

11.

320

iir

I. -

2(;r

I. .

III

J. -

III

1. -

III

J. -

IfO

I. -

209

I. -

"17

1. .

200

I. -

21^

11.

266

II.

304

Ji.

30+

11.

140

1.44,

i 7^

11.

112

I. -

301

I. -

294.

1. -

223

Sagouia

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, y^'

Sagoum

Sai _—

Sfliga

Saimiri ■

Sajou ' —

Saki —

Sanglier — ^—

de Capvert

Sanglin

Sapajou •

Saragoy —
Saricovienne —
Sarigue .
Sarlyk

Satyrus •

Scenoontung —

Schakal

Schwcin — —

Sciurus

£emlanoi Saetlhik

Serotine •

Serval

Shitnik

Sial

Siegen Bock

Sifac

Simia ^^— .

Siwutfcha

Siya .

Siyah Ghufli —

Skrzeczek

Slepez ■ ■

Sno-mus .

Sobol —— -
Sogur — —

Songar

Sorex

Souris ' —

Souflik

Speck-maus — ^.
Spring-bock —

§pnngen Haas —

82
20
27
45
180

122

261

Vol. Page

1. --2.4

I. - 218

I. - 98

1. - 220

I. - 217

I. - 222

I. - 140

1. - i,)4
I. - 224

I. - 2i2

II. 20

II.
I. -

u.
I. -
I.
I.

I. - I!0

II. 138

II. 112

I. - 301

II. 190

II. 270

I. - 60

I. - 211

I. - ,83

II. 2S8

II. 79

I. - 30,5

II. 2o6

II. 214

II. 33

II. 47

II. .3.

II. 212

II. 22^

II. 184

"■ 135
II. 3.9

I. - 04
II. i^o

Squilachi

Squinaton

Sleinbock

Stink bingfem

Stock

Strepficeros

Suhak —

Suifle, Ecureuil

Sumxl

Surikate

Surk —

Surmulot

Sus

Sus Aquaticus
bwiilcti —

Taguan

Tajacu

Tajibi

Taifon

Talapoin

Talpa

Tamandua

Tamanoir

Tamarin

Tanrec

Tapeti

Tapir —

Tapoa Tafa

Tsrandus

Tardigradus

Tarfier

Tartarin

Tatou —

Tatu apara

'1 atuete

Taupe

Taupe doice

T^'ureau

Taxus —

Tayra

Tchotz —

Tegoulichitck

Vol. Page

I. - 261

I. - 122

I.- 5;

II, 66

I. - 150

I. 38, 88

I. - 98

11.157

I. - 296

II. 57

II. 220

II. 178

I. - 140

I. - 165

II. 131

11. i;i

I. - 147

11. i8

II. ,4

1. - 206

II. 229

11.256

II. 256

I. - 223

II 236

II. 107^

163

II r

240

I. - 231

I. - 194

11. 248

n. 246
II. 248
II. 229
II. 231
I. - 16
1. - 270
"• 53
II. 37
II. 194

Tesul

II.

JI.

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, ^c.

Tcgul —

Temama^ama i

Tendrac '

Tenlie ■

Tepe Ma.xl.iton

Teutlalmayama —

Tgao

Thous

Tigris, Tigre

Tlaloceloti

Tk-coozelotI

Tlalmototli

Tlaquatzin ' -

Tolai

Touan '

Tragelaphus ■
Trago-Camelus — —
Tragulus — ^—

Tretretretre —

Trichechus Rofmarus

— — Manatus —

Tfchotfchot

Tfitsjan — ^—
Tucan -— —
Tzeiran

Vache Marine

de Tartaric

tuUa • '

Vampire

Vanfire •^—

Vary ■

Varia

Vavi •

Veldratte —

Verdadciro — —

Vefpertilio —
Vigogne, Vicunna

Vlflin

Viverra —
Viverra tigrina
Vol. II.

Vol. P.ge

I. - 103

II. Z56
I. - 26J

- 292

- 122

- 157

- 267

- 277

287

I. - 2£

II. 149
II. 18. 124

II. 104

11. 34
I.- 52
I. - 83
I. - 124
I. - 191

II. 266

II. 297

II.

n.i3s
11.223

I.- 74

II. 266
I.. 24
I. - 270

ir. 308

II. 5,

I. - 229

I. - aSo

I. - 261

II. 90

II. 248

II. 304

I. - 136

II. SI

II. 40

I. - 298

Ulf

Unau

Uncia

Vormela

Urigne

Urfon

Urfus

Urus

Vulpes

Utfuk
Utter

Walrus

Warg

Warglo

Warree

Weefel

Wettfk

Whang, Yang — —
Wha Tapoua Row —
Wiewiorka ■

Wirrebocarra .

Wkydra •

Xoloitzcuintli

Yerboa ■

Yltis

Yfard, Yfarus

Yzquiepatl

Zblk

Zebre, Zebra

Zeba

X X

Vol. Pig«
I. - 248

II. 242
1. - 282

II. 210

n. 290

II. 126

II. I

I. - 16

I. - 148

II. 122

I. - 25.

II. 277

II. 77

II. 266
I. - 248
I. - 301
I. - 141

". 33
I. - 150
I. - 96

II. 13

II. 138
I. - 126

II. 77

T. - 187
I. - 250

II. 29

"• 37

I.- 72

II. 62

I. " 29J
I.- 13

I. - 2»

Zecor*

INDEX OF CLASSICAL NAMES, &c.

Vol. Page Vol. Page

Zecora ■ I. - 13 Zibet IF. 72

Zenik — II. 193 Zizel II. 135

Zerda — — I. - 267 Zobela • II. 43

Zibeline H. 43 Zorrina* ■ 11. 60

* De Buffon, xliit 30Z. tab, xli.

THE END.

ERRATUM,

Nos. 273 and 276, Pages 70 and 72, being the fame animal, the reader is
defired to corred this nuHake.

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